§ 20. PASCAL II. AND HENKY V. 73
thus sealing the damnation of Henry, the synod renewed the laws against simony and Nicolaitism. Wibert, the anti-pope, was put under anathema, and his consecrations were declared invalid. The Catholic faith in the true and essential pres ence of the body and blood of Christ in the eucharist was asserted against the heresy of Berengar.
More important was the Synod of Clermont in France, Nov. 18-28, 1095, which inaugurated the first crusade. Here Urban preached the most effective sermon on record, and reached the height of his influence.
He passed in triumphal procession, surrounded by princes and prelates, through France and Italy* He exhorted the people everywhere to repent of their sins and to prove the sincerity of their conversion by killing as many enemies of the cross as they could reach with their swords. When he reached Rome the anti-pope had been driven away by the Crusaders. He was enabled to celebrate the Christmas festi val of 1096 with unusual magnificence, and held two synods in the Lateran, January, 1097, and April, 1099. He died, July 29, 1099, a fortnight after the capture of Jerusalem (July 15) by the Crusaders.
§ 20. Pascal II. and Henry V. 1099-1118.
The letters of Paschalis II. in MIGXE, 163. — W. SCHUM : Die Politik Papst Paschalis II. gegen Kaiser Heinrich V. Erfurt, 1877. — G. PEISEK : Derdeutsche Investiturstreit unter Heinrich V. bis 1111. Berlin, 1883. — GREGOROVIUS IV., HAUCK III., PFLUGK-HARTTDNG : Die Bullen der Papste. Gotha, 1901, pp. 234-263. — MIRBT, art. Paschalis II. in Herzog, XIV. 717-725, and the literature there given.
Pascal II., a monk of Cluny and disciple of Hildebrand, but less firm and consistent, was elected in July, 1099, and reigned till 1118. Clement III., the anti-pope, died in Sep tember, 1100, weary of the world, and left a reputation of integrity, gentleness, and dignity. The imperialist clergy of Rome elected another anti-pope, Sylvester IV., who soon disappeared noiselessly from the stage.
74 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1085-1122.
Pascal gained a complete victory over Henry IV. by sup porting the wicked rebellion of his second son, Henry V., the last of the Salic or Franconian line of emperors, 1104-1125.
The unfortunate father died under the anathema in misery at Liege (Luttich), Aug. 7, 1106. The people of the city which had remained faithful to him, lamented his death; but the papal agents commanded the bishop of Liege to remove his body from consecrated ground to an island in the Maas. Henry V. had not lost all feeling for his father, and complied with his dying request for burial in the imperial sepulchre at Spires. The clergy and the citizens accompanied the funeral procession to the cathedral of St. Mary, which the departed sovereign had himself built and richly endowed. He was buried with all honors. Bat when Bishop Gebhard, one of his fiercest persecutors, who was absent at the time, heard of it, he caused the body to be forthwith exhumed and removed, and interdicted all services in the church till it should be purified of all pollution. The people, however, could not be deterred from frequent visits to the unconsecrated chapel where the dishonored remains of their monarch and patron were deposited. At last the pope dissolved the ban, on the assurance of Henry V. that his father had pro fessed sincere repentance, and his body was again deposited in the cathedral, Aug. 7, 1111. By his moral defects and his humiliation at Canossa, Henry IV. had promoted the power of the papal hierarchy, and yet, by his continued oppo sition after that act, he had prevented its complete triumph. Soon after his death an anonymous writer gave eloquent and touching expression to his grief over the imperial lord whom he calls his hope and comfort, the pride of Rome, the orna ment of the empire, the lamp of the world, a benefactor of widows and orphans, and a father of the poor.1
1 The tract is more eloquent than accurate. It is ascribed by Goldast, Floto, and Gieseler to Bishop Otbert of Luttich (Liege) ; by Dr. Jaffe", to an unknown writer in Mainz (see the preface to his German translation, Das