§ 21. THE CONCORDAT OF WORMS. 79
the elections to all bishoprics and abbeys of the empire should be made in the emperor's presence, without simony or any kind of corruption; that in cases of dispute the emperor should be at liberty to decide in favor of the person who, in his judg ment, had the best claim; and that the candidate thus elected should receive from the emperor the temporalities of his see or abbey by the delivery of a rod or sceptre (the symbol of the temporal power), but without bargain or valuable con sideration of any kind, and ever after render unto the sover eign all such duties and services as by law he was bound to render. But the temporalities belonging to the Roman see were exempt from these stipulations.
There are some ambiguities and uncertainties in this treaty which opened the way for future contention. The emperor surrenders the right of investiture (with ring and crosier), and yet takes it back again in a milder form (with the scep tre). The question whether consecration is to precede or to follow investiture was left undecided, except outside of Germany, i.e. in Italy and Burgundy, where investiture with the regalia by the sceptre was to take place within six months after the consecration. Nothing is said about heirs and successors. Hence the concordat might be understood simply as a treaty between Calixtus and Henry, a temporary expedient, an armistice after half a century of discord be tween Church and State. After their deaths both the papal tiara and the imperial crown became again apples of discord.
The Concordat of Worms was confirmed by the Ninth (Ecumenical Synod (according to the Roman counting), or First (Ecumenical Council of the West, held in the Lateran from March 18 to April 6, 1123. It is also called the First Lateran Council. Over three hundred bishops and abbots were present, or, according to other reports, five hundred or even nine hundred and ninety-seven. The documents of Worms were read, approved by all, and deposited in the ar chives of the Roman Church.
80 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1085-1122.
NOTES.
Thetextof the Concordatum Wormatiense OT Pactum CaZzxZmMW is preserved in the Vatican, and in the Chronicle of Ekkehard (abbot of Aura, near Kissingen, from 1108 to 1125). It has been repeatedly published by Baronius, Annales; Goldast, Constitutiones Imperials; Leibnitz, Corpus juris diplomaticum; in Gieseler's Church History ; in German translation, by Hefele- Knopfler, Conciliengesch. V. 373 ; and also by Pertz, in the Monumenta Germanice Lcgum, II. 75 sq. (who gives the various readings from seven MSS. of Ekkehard's Chronica), and Mirbt, Quellen, 115, 116. It is as follows : —
"In nomine sanctce et individuce Trinitatis.
u Ego Heinricus Dei gratia Romanorum Imperator Augustus pro amore Dei et s. Romance Ecclesice et domini P. Calixti, et pro remedio animce meat, dimitto Deo et ss. ejus Apostolis Petro et Paulo, sanctceque catholicce Ecclesice omnem investituram per annuluin et baculum, et concedo, in omnibus Ecclesiis canonicam fieri electionem et liber am consecrationem. Possessiones et regalia b. Petri, quce a principio hujus discordiw usque ad hodiernam diem, sine patris met tempore, sive etiam meo, ablata sunt, quo& habeo, s. Romance Ecclesice restituo, quce autem non habeo, ut, restituantur, fideliter juvabo. Possessiones etiam omnium Ecclesiarum aliarum, et Principum, et aliorum tarn clericorum quam laicorum, quce in guerra ista amissce sunt, consilio Principum, vel justitia, quas habeo, reddam, quas non habeo, ut reddantur, fideliter juvabo. Et do veram.pacem domino Papce Calixto, sanctceque Roma nce Ecclesice, et omnibus, qui in parte ipsius sunt velfuerunt. Et in quibus s. Romana Ecclesia mihi auxilium postulaverit, fideliter juvabo ; etde quibus mihi fecerit querimoniam, debitam sibi faciam justitiam.
"Ego Calixtus Episcopus, servus servorum Dei, tibi dilecto filio Heinrico, Dei gratia Romanorum Imperatori Augusto, concedo, electiones Episcoporum et Abbatum Teutonici regni, qui ad regnum pertinent, in prcesentia tua fieri absque simonia et aliqua violentia ; ut si qua inter partes discordia emerserit, Metropolitani et Compromncialum consilio veljudicio, saniori parti assensum et auxilium prcebeas. Electus autem regalia per sceptrum a te recipiat, et quce ex his jure tibi debet, faciat. Ex aliis vero partibus Imperil consecratus infra sex menses regalia per sceptrum a te recipiat, et quce ex his jure tibi debet, faciat, exceptis omnibus, quce ad Romanam Ecclesiam pertinere noscuntur. De quibus vero querimoniam mihi feceris, secundum ojficii mei debitum auxilium tibi prcestabo. Do tibi veram pacem et omnibus, qui in parte tua sunt, autfuerunt tempore hujus discordice. Data anno dominicce Incarnationis MCXXIL IX KaL Octobr." Then follow the signatures.