§ 21. THE CONCORDAT OF WORMS. 77
they referred to the example of Paul, who circumcised Tim othy, and complied with the wish of James in Jerusalem to please the Jewish Christians.
§ 21. The Concordat of Worms. 1122.
EKKEHARDUS URAUGIENSIS : Chronica (best ed. by Waiz in Man. Germ. Script., VI. 260). — UL. ROBERT : Etude sur les actes dupape Calixte II. Paris, 1874. — E. BERNHEIM : Zur Geschichte des Wormser Concordats. Gottingen, 1878. — M. MAURER: Papst Calixt II. Miinchen, 1886. — GIESE- BRECHT, III. 931-959. — RANKE, VIII. 111-126. — HEFELE-KNOPFLER, V. 311-384; Bullaire et histoire de Calixte II. Paris, 1891. — D. SCHAFER: Zur Beurtheilung des Wormser Konkordats. Berlin, 1905.
The Gregorian party elected Gelasius a cardinal-deacon, far advanced in age. His short reign of a year and four days was a series of pitiable misfortunes. He had scarcely been elected when he was grossly insulted by a mob led by Cencius Frangipani and cast into a dungeon. Freed by the fickle Romans, he was thrown into a panic by the sudden ap pearance of Henry V. at the gates, and fled the city, attempt ing to escape \)y sea. The Normans came to his rescue and he was led back to Rome, where he found St. Peter's in the hands of the anti-pope. A wild riot again forced him to flee and when he was found he was sitting in a field near St. Paul's, with no companions but some women as his comfort ers. He then escaped to Pisa and by way of Genoa to France, where he died at Cluny, 1119. The imperialist party had elected an anti-pope, Gregory VIII., who was consecrated at Rome in the presence of Henry V., and ruled till 1121, but was taken captive by the Normans, mounted on a camel, paraded before Calixtus amid the insults and mockeries of the Roman mob, covered with dust and filth, and consigned to a dungeon. He died in an obscure monastery, in 1125, "still persevering in his rebellion." Such was the state of society in Rome.
Calixtus II., the successor of Gelasius, 1119-1124, was elected at Cluny and consecrated at Vienne. He began his
78 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1085-1122.
rule by renewing the sentence of excommunication against Henry; and in him the emperor found his match. After hold ing the Synod of Rheims, which ratified the prohibition of layinvestiture, he reached Rome, 1120. Both parties, emperor and pope, were weary of the long struggle of fifty years, which had, like the Thirty Years' War five centuries later, kept Central Europe in a state of turmoil and war. At the Diet of Wiirzburg, 1121, the men of peace were in the ma jority and demanded a cessation of the conflict and the call ing of a council.
Calixtus found it best to comply, however reluctantly, with the resolution of the German Diet, and instructed his legates to convoke a general council of all the bishops of France and Germany at Mainz for the purpose of restoring concord between the holy see and the empire. The assembly ad journed from Mainz to Worms, the city which became after wards so famous for the protest of Luther. An immense multitude crowded to the place to witness the restoration of peace. The sessions lasted more than a week, and closed with a solemn mass and the Te Deum by the cardinal-bishop of Ostia, who gave the kiss of peace to the emperor.
The Concordat of Worms was signed, Sept. 23, 1122. It was a compromise between the contending parties. It is the first of the many concordats which the popes have since that time concluded with various sovereigns and governments, and in which they usually make some concession to the civil power. If they cannot carry out their principle, they agree to a modus vivendi.
The pope gained the chief point, namely, the right of in vestiture by delivery of the ring and crosier (the symbols of the spiritual power) in all the churches of the empire, and also the restoration of the properties and temporalities of the blessed Peter which had passed out of the possession of the holy see during the late civil wars.
On the other hand, the pope granted to the emperor that