§ 22. The Conflict of the Hierarchy in England. William the Conqueror and Lanfranc.
The DOMESDAY or DOOMESDA Y BOOK (Liber judicii ; Book of judgment ; Liber de Wintonia, because deposited in the cathedral at Winchester, now in the Charter House at Westminster, published in facsimile, 1783 and 1861).
§ 22. CONFLICT OF THE HIERARCHY IN ENGLAND. 81
It was prepared between 1080 and 1086 by the "justiciaries " of William the Conqueror for the purpose of ascertaining the taxable wealth and military strength of the conquered country and securing a full and fair assessment. It contains, among other things, a list of the bishops, churches, religious houses, great men, etc. See Freeman's Norman Con quest, V. 1-52 and 733-740. He says (Preface, viii.) : " The stores of knowledge in Domesday are boundless " (for secular history, rather than church history). — The Gesta Wilhelmi by WILLIAM OF POITIERS, a chap lain and violent partisan of the Conqueror. Also the chronicles of WILLIAM OF JUMIEGES, ORDERICUS VITALIS, in Migne, 188, Eng. Trans. 4 vols. Bohn's Libr.
LANFRANC (thirty-fourth archbishop of Canterbury, 1005-1089) : Vita and (55) Epistolce, in his Opera, edited by D'Achery (Paris, 1648), Giles (Oxford, 1844, in 2 vols.), and Migne, 150. — H. BOEHMER, Die Falschungen Lanf ranks von Cant. Leipzig, 1902.
* EADMER (monk of Canterbury, pupil and biographer of Anselm) : Vita
Sancti Anselmi, and Historia Novorum, both in Anselm's Opera (ed. Migne, 158, 159, and in Rolls Series, 1884). —The biographies of Anselm by FRANK (Tubingen, 1842), HASSE (Leipzig, 1843, vol. I. 235-455), REMUSAT (Paris, 1853; German translation by Wurzbach, 1854), DEAN CHURCH (London, 1875), RULE (London, 1883), HOOK (in 2d vol. of Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, London, 1861-1874), RIGG, 1896, WELCH, 1901.
* WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY (b. a. 1096, d. 1143, son of a Norman father
and Saxon mother, monk and librarian in the abbey of Malmesbury) : De Gestis Eegum Anglorum (a history of England from the Anglo- Saxon Conquest to the end of the reign of Henry I., 1129) ; Historice Novellce (a continuation till 1151) ; De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum (history of the English Church till 1123). Edited by Savile, in Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores, London, 1596 ; best ed. in Rolls Series, English translation by John Sharpe, edited by Giles, in Bohn's " Antiquarian Library," London, 1847.
The Works of HENRY OF HUNTINGDON, WILLIAM OF NEWBURGH, GERVAISE OF CANTERBURY, RALPH OF COGGESHALL, RICHARD OF HOVEDEN, MATTHEW PARIS, etc., as ed. in the Rerum Britannicarum medii cevi scriptores, called the Rolls Series, London, 1858 sqq. These works ed. by Stubbs, Luard, and other competent Eng. scholars are indispensable.
J. N. AUG. THIERRY (1795-1856) : Histoire de la conquete de V Angleterre par les Normands, deses causes et de ses suites en Angleterre, enlZcosse, et en Irlande et sur le continent. 5e ed. entierement revue et augmentee. Paris, 1839, 4 vols. The first edition was published, 1825, in 3 vols., a 6th ed. in 1843, etc. English translation by Hazlitt, 1847.
EDW. A. FREEMAN (Professor of History in Oxford) : History of the Nor man Conquest. Oxford, 1867-1876 (vols. II., III., IV., and V. See Index, vol. VI.). And his Reign of William Rufus and the Accession of Henry the First. Oxford, 1882, 2 vols. (see Index, sub Anselm). An exhaustive treatment of that period by a master in historic research and erudition, with model indexes,
G
82 THE MIDDLE AGES. A.D. 1085-1122.
BISHOP STUBBS furnishes authentic information in his Constitutional History
of England, 6th ed. 3 vols. 1897 ; Select Charters and Other Illustrations
of English Constitutional History to the Reign of Edward I. (1870) ;
Memorials of St. Dunstan (1874).
H. GEE and W. J. HARDY: Documents illustrative of Eng. Ch. Hist.,
London, 1896. W. R. W. STEPHENS: The Eng. Ch. 1066-1272. London, 1891.
Milman (bk. VIII. ch. VIII.) briefly touches upon this important chapter of the Church history of England. Hardwick (Church History of the Middle Ages') ignores it. Robertson notices the principal facts. Dean Hook gives the Lives of Lanfranc and Anselrn (II. 73-168 and 169-276).
The conflict between the pope and the emperor for suprem acy was repeated, on a smaller scale, in England, between the archbishop of Canterbury and the king, and was settled for a season in favor of the hierarchy, several years before the Concordat of Worms. The struggle for the freedom of the Church was indirectly also a struggle for the freedom of the State and the people from the tyranny of the crown. Priestcraft prevailed over kingcraft, then aristocracy over absolute monarchy in the Magna Charta, and at last the peo ple over both.
The Anglo-Saxon kings and nobles enriched the Church of England, their alma mater, by liberal grants of real estate amounting to about one-third of the land, and thus con ferred upon it great political influence. The bishops ranked with the nobles, and the archbishops with princes, next to the king. The archbishop of Canterbury was usually intrusted with the regency during the absence of the sover eign on the Continent.
But for this very reason the British sovereigns of the different dynasties tried to keep the Church in a state of dependence and subserviency, by the election of bishops and the exercise of the right of investiture. They filled the vacant bishoprics with their chaplains, so that the court became a nursery of prelates, and they occasionally arro gated to themselves such titles as " Shepherd of Shep herds," and even "Vicar of Christ." In one word, thev