RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Barnabitea Baronius
from the doctors of the Church — all in Latin — which supported, as he claimed, the Protestant position. In 1531 a German translation of these passages appeared in Nuremberg. In that year he returned to England and was employed on diplomatic journeys by Henry VIII and Thomas Cromwell, for instance to arrange the marriage between Henry and Anne of Cleves. He was always outspoken, and showed more zeal than prudence in propagating his Protestant views. So at last he was cast into prison in the Tower and, although no definite charge was laid against him, was burnt at Smithfield as a heretic. In 1573 John Foxe printed his English works (London) which display his courage, clearness, and comprehensiveness; selections were issued by Legh Richmond in his Fathers of the English Church (London, 1807) — in both the account of Barnes reprinted from Foxe's Monuments will be found.
Bibliography: Sources for his life are in the Calendar of Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, vol. v, ed. J. S.
Brewer and J. Gairdner, in Rolls Series, 11 vols., 1862- 88. Luther's Preface to Barnes's Confession in Luther's works, Erlangen ed., lxiii, 396-400. Consult the biography in DNB, iii, 253-256.
BARNES, WILLIAM EMERY: Church of England; b. at London May 26, 1859. He was educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge (B.A., 1881), and was ordered deacon in 1883 and ordained priest in the following year. He was curate of St. John's, Waterloo Road, Lambeth, in 1883-85, assistant theological lecturer at Clare College, Cambridge, in 1885-94, and assistant tutor at Peterhouse in 1891-1904. Since the latter year he has been Hulsean professor of divinity at Cambridge. He has also been chaplain of Peterhouse since 1885 and fellow since 1889, as well as examining chaplain to the bishop of London since 1903. In addition to numerous briefer contributions and his work as editor of the Journal of Theological Studies from 1899 to 1904, he has written Canonical and Uncanonical Gospels (London, 1893); The Peshitta Text of Chronicles (1897); Chronicles with Notes, in The Cambridge Bible for Schools (1899); Isaiah Explained, in The Churchman's Bible (1901); The Psalms in the Peshitta Text (1904); and The Creed of St. Athanasius (1905).
BARNETT, SAMUEL AUGUSTUS: Church of England; b. at Bristol Feb. 8, 1844. He was educated at Wadham College, Oxford (B.A., 1865), and was ordered deacon in 1867 and priested in the following year. He was curate of St. Mary's, Bryanston Square, London, in 1867-72, vicar of St. Jude's, Whitechapel, in 1872-93, and curate of the same church in 1897-1903. In 1884 he founded Toynbee Hall, Whitechapel, of which he has since been warden, as well as chairman of the Whitechapel Board of Guardians, of the Children's Country Holiday Fund, and of the Pupil Teachers' Scholarship Fund. In 1893 he was appointed a canon of Bristol Cathedral, and was also select preacher at Oxford in 1896-97 and at Cambridge in 1900. In addition to minor contributions, he has written Practicable Socialism (in collaboration with his wife, London, 1893) and The Service of God (1895).
BARNUM, HENRY SAMUEL: Presbyterian; b. at Stratford, Conn., Aug. 13, 1837. He was educated at Yale College (B.A., 1862) and Auburn Theological Seminary, from which he was graduated in 1867- In the same year he was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, and for five years was a missionary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions at Harpoot, Turkey. Since 1872 he has been a missionary of the same organization at Van, Turkey, and since 1884 has also edited a weekly in Armenian and Turkish. He has likewise written a number of commentaries in Armenian.
BARO (BARON), PETER: Anti-Calvinist; b. at Etampes (35 m. s.s.w. of Paris) Dec, 1534; d. in London Apr. 17, 1599. He studied law at Bourges, and began in 1557 to plead in the court of the Parliament of Paris, but retired in 1560 to Geneva, where he studied theology and was ordained by Calvin. In 1572 he returned to France, but soon fled from persecution to England and in 1574 was appointed Lady Margaret professor of divinity at Cambridge. He fell out with the rigid Calvinists; and a sermon on the Lambeth articles, preached Jan. 12, 1596, gave so much offense that he was compelled to renounce his chair in the university and retire to London. Among his works are In Jonam prophetam prmlectiones (London, 1579); Summa trium de prmdestinatione sententiarum (Hardwyck, 1613), translated in Nichols's Works of James Arminius, i (London, 1825), 92-100.
Bibliography: His autobiography is found abridged in R. Masters, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of T. Baker, pp. 127-130, Cambridge, 1784. Consult C. H. Cooper, Athence Cantabrigienses, ii, 274-278, London, 1861; DNB, iii, 265-267.
BARO'NIUS, CjESAR (Cesare de Barono) : The
father of church history among Roman Catholics since the Reformation; b. at Sora (56 m. e.s.e. of Rome), in the kingdom of Naples, Oct. 31, 1538; d. in Rome June 30, 1607. His family was ancient and distinguished for piety. He was educated first at Veroli, then at Naples, where he studied theology and law. He went to Rome in 1557, just at the time when Paul IV was attempting to restore the papacy to its medieval splendor and dominion; but he felt less attraction to public
policy than to a life of scholarly retire- Life, ment. This he found in the new
Congregation of the Oratory under Philip Neri (q.v.) whose system prepared the young man, without his knowledge, for the great work he was to do. The Oratorians were directed by their founder to occupy the morning hours with studies in ecclesiastical matters, but in a manner which should conduce to instruction as well as to edification. More and more attracted by the study of church history thus required, Baronius began diligently to collect and compare materials for its prosecution, and worked for thirty years amidst the vast mass of unpublished material which the Vatican archives contained. He had apparently no far-reaching literary plans until he was called upon by his superior, by Cardinal Caraffa, and by other friends to utilize his stores of knowledge in the defense of the Church against the powerful
Baronius Barruel