RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Barry
Bartlett
bodia, and a Commander of the Dragon of Annam. He is a member of learned societies in France, Holland, Russia, Great Britain, and the United States, and in addition to numerous contributions to Oriental and scientific periodicals in France, has written Les Religions de I'Inde (Paris, 1879; Eng. transl., The Religions of India, by J. Wood, London, 1882); Inscriptions sanscrites du Cambodge (Paris, 1885); and Inscriptions sanscrites du Cambodge et de Campu (1894).
BARTHOLOMEW (Gk. Bartholomaios, Aram. Bar-Talmai, " Son of Talmai "): One of the twelve Apostles, mentioned in Matt, x, 3; Mark hi, 18; Luke vi, 14; Acts i, 13. Nothing is told in the New Testament of his work as an apostle. According to Eusebius (Hist, eccl., v, 10) and Jerome (De vir. ill., xxxvi), he preached the Gospel in India — that is, in what is called India to-day, not, as some have argued, Arabia Felix. Other Asiatic countries have been named as the scenes of his labors, especially Armenia, where he is said to have been flayed alive and crucified with his head down. Legend narrates that his body was miraculously conveyed to the island of Lipari, and thence to Benevento. His feast-day is usually the 24th of August; at Rome, however, it is celebrated on the 25th. An old and wide-spread theory (though Augustine, for example, did not accept it) identifies Bartholomew with Nathanael of Cana in Galilee (John i, 45-51; xxi, 2). That John counted Nathanael as an apostle is probable because in the former of these passages he represents him as joining the company of Jesus with the earlier and later apostles, and in the latter passage he mentions him in the company of apostles. In support of the theory, it is noticed that in the lists of the apostles in the synoptic Gospels (though not in the Acts) he is mentioned next to Philip, while Nathanael was brought to Jesus by Philip; and John nowhere mentions Bartholomew, while the synoptists do not mention Nathanael. But, on the other hand, it is remarkable that the synoptists do not give the other name for Bartholomew, if he is the same, while John speaks of Nathanael as if the reader would know at once who he was. (K. Schmidt.)
BARTHOLOMEW OF BRAGA (known also as Bariholommus de Martyribus from 'the church in Lisbon in which he was baptized): Archbishop of Braga 1558-82; b. at Lisbon 1514; d. at Viana (on the coast of Portugal, 40 m. n. of Oporto) July 16, 1590. He belonged to the Dominican order and took part in the Council of Trent, the decisions of which he introduced into Portugal. He founded the first clerical seminary in Portugal and won well-deserved renown by establishing hospitals and hospices. In 1582 Pope Gregory XIII allowed him to resign his office, and thenceforth he lived as simple monk in the monastery of Viana, giving instruction and performing works of mercy. He wrote Biblical commentaries, a Portuguese catechism, and a Compendium doctrince spiritualis (Lisbon, 1582; many later editions). An edition of his works, with life, by Malachias d'Inguimbert appeared in two volumes at Rome, 1727.
K. Benrath.
BARTHOLOMEW OF BRESCIA: A canonist of the thirteenth century. Little is known with any certainty of his life. He was born about the beginning of the century at Brescia, studied Roman and canon law in Bologna under Laurentius Hispanus, and afterward taught canon law there. He is principally remembered for his commentary on the Decretum Gratiani (about 1240), but he wrote several other works on canon law, which are usually not much more than revised editions of earlier works. (E. Friedberg.)
BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY, THE MASSACRE OF SAINT. See Coligny.
BARTHOLOMITES: 1. A society founded at Genoa in 1307 by certain Armenian Basilian monks who had fled thither from persecution in their native land. They built there a church to the Virgin and St. Bartholomew, whence their name. Pope Clement V (1305-14) allowed them to follow their Eastern rite and customs, but in course of time they conformed to Western usages, and in 1356 Innocent VI allowed them to choose a general. They existed at Genoa and in other places in Italy till 1650, when Innocent X suppressed the order.
2. A congregation of secular priests founded at Salzburg about 1643 by Bartholomaus Holzhauser, canon of Salzburg (b. at Langenau, near Ulm, 1613; d. at Bingen May 20, 1658). Their statutes, confirmed by Innocent XI in 1680 (complete text in Holstenius-Brockie, Codex regularum, vi, Augsburg, 1759, 543-595), regulated their life on communistic principles, whence their official name, Institutum clericorum smcularium in communi viventium, and their popular designation as " Communists." For a time the society flourished in the dioceses of South Germany as well as in Hungary, Poland, and Spain, but with the suppression of their last house, at Landshut, in 1804, they went out of existence.
O. ZoCKLERt.
Bibliography: 1. Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, i, 48. 2. Helyot, Ordres monastiques, viii (1719), 119- 126; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, ii, 363- 366; J. P. L. Gaduel, Vie du Barthelemy Holzhauser,
Orleans, 1892 (contains also a study of the order).
BARTLET, JAMES VERNON: English Congregationalist; b. at Scarborough (37 m. n.e. of York), Yorkshire, Aug. 15, 1863. He was educated at Exeter College, Oxford (B.A., 1886), and at Mansfield College (1886-89), where in 1889 he was appointed fellow and began to lecture on church history, remaining senior tutor in residence until 1900. In the latter year he was appointed professor of church history in the same institution, and still holds this position. In addition to numerous briefer contributions, he has written Early Church History (London, 1894); The Apostolic Age (Edinburgh, 1900); Commentary on Acts (in The Century Bible, 1901); and The Earlier Pauline Epistles (in The Temple Bible, 1901); and was joint author of The New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers (1905).
BARTLETT, SAMUEL COLCORD: Congregationalist; b. at Salisbury, N. H., Nov. 25, 1817; d. in Hanover, N. H., Nov. 16, 1898. He was gradu-
Bartol Basedow