THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
attack which had been made upon it in the " Magdeburg Centuries " (q.v.) and to provide a complete Roman Catholic church history such as did not then exist, — a desideratum which his Annates ecclesiastici supplied with no small credit to the author, considering the conditions of historical writing in the sixteenth century. The fame which he acquired by the execution of his task drew him unwillingly from his retirement. He was made prothonotary of the apostolic see and later, by Clement VIII in 1596, a cardinal, as well as librarian of the Vatican. At both the papal elections which occurred in 1605 he was a candidate against his will, and came near being chosen. But the exhausting labor involved in the completion of his huge work really caused his death two years later.
The Annates ecclesiastici begin with the birth of Christ and come down to 1198. In form they resemble the ordinary medieval chronicle, the events of each year being grouped together under the date without regard to any other connection. This form would have been well adapted to the author's purpose of offering the great mass of historical material to the reader as sources arranged in order, if it had been carried out with strict application of critical principles and the utmost exactness. Baronius tried, indeed, to meet The An- these requirements; but with all his nales Eccle- pains he did not altogether succeed, siastici. To say nothing of the limitations inseparable from his fundamental beliefs and polemical attitude, the errors in noncontentious points, such as dates, are so numerous as to make great care necessary in using the Annates. Nevertheless they are a storehouse of learning. Though the work was occasioned by the appearance of the " Magdeburg Centuries," it is not directly controversial. The opposition appears rather in the simple fundamental conception that true historycan only be written by the aid of the documents to which he had access, guaranteed by the authority of the Roman Church, and that it is only necessary for these documents to be known in order to secure universal recognition of the claims of that Church. He agrees with the Centuriators as to the purity of the Church of the first six centuries; but while they endeavor to show that the Christianity of the Middle Ages was an actual apostasy from that happy state, Baronius does his best to demonstrate the continuity of Catholicism and the early existence of a distinctively Roman character in Christianity. His other writings are of far secondary importance. The first edition of the Annates appeared in 12 volumes at Rome, 1588-1607; the Mainz edition, 1601-05, was revised by Baronius himself; that of Antwerp, 1597-1609, is noteworthy because Philip III suppressed vol. xi within his dominions because of the Tractatus de monarchia Sicilies contained in it [separately printed, Paris. 1609]. The Annates have been continued (1) from 1198 to 1565 by Abraham Bzovius (8 vols., Rome, 1616 sqq • 9 vols., Cologne, 1621-30); (2) from 1198 to 1640 by Henricus Spondanus (Paris, 1640 sqq.; Leyden 1678); (3) from 1199 to 1565 by the Oratoriari Odoncus Raynaldus (9 vols., Rome, 1646-77- Cologne, 1693-1727; 14 vols., Lucca, 1740 sqq )'
the best continuation; (4) from 1566 to 1571 by Jacobus Laderchius (3 vols., Rome, 1728-37; Cologne, 1738 sqq.); (5) from 1572 to 1583 by Augustin Theiner (3 vols., Rome, 1856 sqq.). The Critica historico-chronologica in universos Ccesaris Baronii annates of F. Pagi (4 vols., Antwerp, 1705 sqq.; 1724) are an indispensable companion to the work. The most convenient edition is that of Mansi (38 vols., Lucca, 1738-57), which has Pagi's emendations appended to the text, the continuation of Raynaldus, and three volumes of valuable indices. The most recent edition (incomplete), with all continuations, appeared, vols, i-xxviii at Bar-le- Duc, 1864-75, vols, xxix-xxxvii at Paris, 1876-83.
(Carl, Mirbt.) Bibliography: Sarra, Vita del . . . Cesare Baronio, Rome, 1862. On his history consult F. C. Baur, Die Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtsschreibung, pp. 72-84, Tubingen, 1852; P. Schaff, History of the Apostolic Church, pp. 56- 57, New York, 1874; C. de Smedt, Introductio generalis in historiam ecclesiasticam, pp. 461 sqq., Ghent, 1876; H. Hurter, Nomenclator literarius recentioris theologies catholicoe, i, pp. 209-212, Innsbruck, 1892; J. F. Hurst, History of the Christian Church, i, 42, 52, 723, 751, ii, 568, New York, 1900; Cambridge Modern History, The Renaissance, p. 609, London, 1902.
BARRETT, BENJAMIN FISK: Swedenborgian; b. at Dresden, Me., June 24, 1808; d. at Germantown, Penn., Aug. 6, 1892. He was graduated at Bowdoin, 1832, and at the Harvard Divinity School, 1838; became a Swedenborgian, 1839; was pastor of the New Church Society, New York, 1840-48; in Cincinnati 1848-50; after a temporary retirement because of ill health became pastor in Philadelphia; president and corresponding secretary of the Swedenborg Publishing Association, Philadelphia, 1871. He was editor of The Swedenborgian, 1858-60, and of The New Church Monthly, 1867-70 (when it was merged in The New Church Independent). He compiled and edited The Swedenborg Library, giving the substance of Swedenborg's theological teachings (12 vols., Philadelphia, 1876-81). His books include a Life of Emanuel Swedenborg (New York, 1841); Lectures on the Doctrines of the New Church (1842; title afterward changed to Lectures on the New Dispensation); Beauty for Ashes, or the old and new doctrine concerning the state of infants after death contrasted (1855); The Golden Reed, or the true measure of a true church (1855); The Question concerning the Visible Church (1856; new ed., with title The Apocalyptic New Jerusalem, Philadelphia, 1883); Catholicity of the New Church (1863); The New View of Hell (1870); The Golden City (1874); The New Church, its nature and whereabouts (1877); Swedenborg and Channing (1879); The Question [what are the doctrines of the New Church ?] Answered (1883); Heaven Revealed (1885).
Bibliography: J. R. Irelan, From Different Points of View: B. F. Barrett, Preacher, Writer, Theologian, and Philosopher, Germantown, 1896.
BARRIERE, JEAN DE LA. See Feuillants.
BARROW (BARROWE), HENRY: English Separatist; hanged at Tyburn, London, Apr. 6, 1593. He came of good family in Norfolk, studied at Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1566-70, studied law, and was admitted a member of Gray's Inn in 1576. He