THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
ated at Dartmouth 1836, and at Andover Theological Seminary 1842; was ordained 1843, and was pastor at Munson, Mass., 1S43— 16; professor of intellectual philosophy and rhetoric in Western Reserve College, Hudson, O., 1846-52; pastor at Manchester, X. H., 1852-57; in Chicago 1S57-59; was one of the founders of the Chicago Theological Seminary (Congregational) and professor of Biblical literature there 1S5S-77; president of Dartmouth 1877-92, and lecturer on the relation of the Bible to science and history and instructor in natural theology and evidences of Christianity, 1892-98. Besides many articles in the periodicals and addresses, he published Life and Death Eternal, a refutation of the doctrine of annihilation (Boston, 1866; 2d ed., 1878); Sketches of the Missions of the A. B. C. F 31. (1S72); Future Punishment (1875); From Egypt to Palestine through Sinai (New York, 1879), an account of a journey to explore the desert of the Exodus; Sources of History in the Pentateuch (1883); The Veracity of the Hexateuch (Chicago, 1897).
BARTOL, CYRUS AUGUSTUS: Unitarian; b. at Freeport, Me., April 30, 1813; d. in Boston Dec. 16, 1900. He was graduated at Bowdoin, 1832, and at the Harvard Divinity School, 1835; in 1837 he was ordained as assistant pastor to Dr. Charles Lowell at the West Church (Unitarian), Boston; after Dr. Lowell's death in 1861 he became pastor, and served till 1888. He was a member of the Transcendental Club and published a number of volumes, chiefly sermons and addresses, among them being Discourses on the Christian Spirit and Life (2d ed., revised, Boston, 1850); Discourses on the Christian Body and Form (1853); Pictures of Europe (1S55); Church and Congregation (1858); Radical Problems (1S72); The Rising Faith (1873); Principles and Portraits (1880); Spiritual Sacrifice (1SS4).
BARTOLI, bar"to-li', DANIELLO : Italian Jesuit; b. at Ferrara Feb. 12, 1608; d. at Rome Jan. 13, 1685. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1623; was a distinguished preacher and teacher of rhetoric in different cities of Italy; in 1650 he became historian of his order at Rome. He wrote biographies, moral and ascetical works, and books upon physical science. His Istoria della compagnia di Gksii (5 vols., Rome, 1653-73), especially the part devoted to Asia, is replete with curious information; as an introduction to this work he wrote the Vita e istituto di S. Ignazio (Rome, 1650; Eng. transl., 2 vols., New York, 1856). His collected works were edited by H. Marietti (34 vols., Turin, 1823-44). The life of Ignatius and the moral and ascetical works have been published at Piacenza (9 vols., 1821) and at Milan (3 vols., 1831).
BARTON, ELIZABETH: English impostor of the reign of Henry VIII; b., according to her own statement, in 1508; beheaded in London April 20, 1534. In 1525, while a servant at Aldington, Kem% her ravings in consequence of some nervous disorder gained for her a local reputation as one divinely inspired. She recovered her health after a few months, but her fame remained, and certain monks,
notably one Edward Booking, made use of her to attempt to check the advance of the Reformation. Instructed by them she continued her alleged prophesyings. In 1527 she was taken to the priory of St. Sepulchre at Canterbury, and under the title of the " Nun " or " Holy Maid of Kent " her fame went far and wide and she seems to have been partly or fully believed in by persons of intelligence and influence. When the divorce from Catharine of Aragon was proposed she inveighed against it and ultimately went so far in her threats against the king that she and certain of her abetters were arrested and brought to trial in 1533. Under torture Elizabeth and Booking confessed to fraud; with two friars and two priests they were beheaded at Tyburn, the Nun repeating her confession on the scaffold. Sir Thomas More, Bishop Fisher, and others were implicated and narrowly escaped suffering at the same time.
Bibliography: The sources for a biography are indicated in the long and critical notice in DNB, iii, 343-346.
BARTON, GEORGE AARON: Friend; b. at East Farnham, Canada, Nov. 12, 1859. He was educated at Haverford College, Haverford (B.A., 1882), and Harvard University (Ph.D., 1891). He was teacher of mathematics and classics at the Friends' School, Providence, R. I., in 1884-89, and lecturer on Bible languages in Haverford College in 1891-95, while in 1891 he was appointed professor of Biblical literature and Semitic languages at Bryn Mawr College, a position which he still holds. He has been a member of the American Oriental Society since 1888, of the Society of Biblical Archeology, London, since 1889, of the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis since 1891, of the Archeological Institute of America since 1900, of the Vorderasiatische Gesellschaft, Berlin, since 1899, of the Victoria Institute, London, since 1902, and of the Orients-Gesellschaft, Berlin, and the Egypt Exploration Fund since 1904. He was president of the Oriental Club of Philadelphia in 1898-99, and a member of the council of the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis in 1900-03, and in 1903- 04 was one of the executive committee of the American School of Oriental Research in Palestine, of which he was director in the previous year. He was also a delegate to the Inter-Church Conference in 1905, and since 1879 has been an acknowledged minister of the Society of Friends (orthodox). In theology he is in general agreement with the so-called " new theology." In addition to briefer studies and contributions to various religious encyclopedias, he has written The Religious Use of the Bible (Philadelphia, 1900); The Roots of Christian Teaching as Found in the Old Testament (1902); A Sketch of Semitic Origins, Social and Religious (New York, 1902); A Year's Wandering in Bible Lands (Philadelphia, 1904); and The Haverford Library Collection of Cuneiform Tablets or Documents from the Temple Archives of Telloh (1905).
BARTON, WILLIAM ELEAZAR: Congregationalist; b. at Sublette, 111., June 28, 1861. He was educated at Berea College (B.S., 1885) and Oberlin Theological Seminary (B.D., 1890). He