THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
the church-year, the Psalms, Proverbs, and Ecclesiasticus was published by J. J. Torniius at Stockholm in 164S. The New Testament was translated by Per Fjellstrom and published in 1755; a new edition and also the entire Bible was issued at Hernosand in 1S11. J. Belsheim.
Bibliography: Bible of Every Land, pp. 319-324, London, 1861.
VI. French Versions : The beginnings of a French
Bible may be traced at least to the early twelfth
century. In all probability pupils of Lanfranc (d.
1089) translated the Psalter for the first time into
the French-Norman vernacular. At
1. The {]lat time there was scarcely any dif-
Versions. ference between the Norman and the French (i.e. the dialect used in the Ile-de-France, a province having Paris as its capital). The Psalter, together with the canticles used in the Church, was offered to the French-speaking people in a double form; viz., (1) after the Psalterium Hebraicum, i.e. the Psalter translated by Jerome directly from the Hebrew (cf . Le Livre des Psaumes, ed. from Cambridge and Paris manuscripts, F. Michel, Paris, 1876); (2) after the Psalterium Gallicanum, i.e. according to the Psalter carefully revised by Jerome from the Septuagint (cf. Libri Psalmorum versio antiqua Gallica, ed. F. Michel, Oxford, 1860; see above A, II, 2, § 2). These translations were made word for word, and are interlinear, the Latin text standing between the lines of the French. The translations from the Gallican Psalter were so well received that down to the Reformation no one ventured on a new rendering. The manuscripts of the French Psalter which are still extant, more than 100 in number, without an exception go back to the old Norman Psalter.
About fifty years later Revelation was translated into French in the Norman provinces; also Samuel and Kings (cf. Les Quatre Livres des Rois, publies par le Roux de Lincy, Paris, 1842). In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries numerous translations originated (cf. G. Paris, La Litterature fran<;aise au moyen dge, Paris, 1890, § 136; J. Bonnard, Les Traductions de la Bible en vers francais, Paris, 1884). Toward 1170 Peter Waldo, the head of the Poor Men of Lyons, better known later as the Waldenses (q.v.), brought out translations of several parts of the Bible into the vernacular, which had been made by Lyonnaise priests at his expense, and Pope Innocent III did not rest till these suspicious writings were everywhere suppressed by the Inquisition. Nevertheless some remnants of this old Waldensian literature have been saved from the hands of the inquisitors at Metz and Liege.
Of the versions which have been printed, and of which it is possible to give some account, mention may be made of that of Guyard des Moulins, canon of St. Peter's at Aire in Artois, on the borders of Flanders. Taking the Historia scholastica of Peter Comestor (q.v.), composed in 2- G(^ard H70 and containing a digest of the
Moulins. Bible history with glosses, he made
a free translation of it between 1291
and 1295; added a sketch of the history of
Job, Proverbs, and probably the other books
ascribed to Solomon; substituted for Comestor's history of the Maccabees a translation of Maccabees from the Vulgate; and in general made the whole conform more closely to the text of the Vulgate than Comestor had done. Psalms, the Prophets, and the Epistles and Revelation were not in the work as first issued, and it is uncertain whether Acts was not also omitted; they were added, however, in later issues. These parts, brought together, received the name Biblium historiale (Bible historiale ; see Bibles, Historical), and it was printed and reprinted in great numbers. An edition completed by different hands and making thus the first complete Bible, was issued by order of Charles VIII about 1487, edited by the king's confessor, Jean de Rely, and printed by Verard in Paris. Twelve editions of this appeared between 1487 and 1545. This is called La Grande Bible to distinguish it from a work entitled La Bible pour les simples gens, a summary of the history of the Old Testament, of which five editions, four undated, one dated 1535, have been examined. Previous to the edition of 1487, an edition of the New Testament of the same translation as that found in the supplemented work of Guyard, but not by Guyard himself, was printed at Lyons by Bartolomee Buyer, edited by two Augustinian monks, Julien Macho and Pierre Farget. It is undated, but is referred to the year 1477, and justly claims to be the editio princeps of the French Scriptures.
In the year 1523 there appeared at Paris, from the press of Simon de Colines, an anonymous translation of the New Testament (often reprinted), to which was added in the same year the Psalter and, in 1528, the rest of the Old Testament, issued at Antwerp in consequence of at- 3- ^rotes- tempts on tne part of the French Versions. c^ergy to suppress the book. There can be no doubt that the well-known humanist Jacques Lefevre d'Etaples (see Faber Stapulensis) was the author of this version. The complete work appeared in one volume at Antwerp, 1530. It was placed on the papal Index in 1546; but in 1550 it was reissued at Louvain, edited by two priests, Nicolas de Leuze and Francois van Larben, who revised the work, striking out all that savored of heresy. The first Protestant version was prepared by Pierre Robert Olivetan (q.v.) within the space of one year, and printed in 1535 by Pierre de Wingle at Serrieres, near Neuchatel, in Switzerland, at the expense of the Waldensians. It was reprinted several times, in one case with a few emendations from the pen of Calvin, in 1545. The Roman critics had denounced Olivetan's work as of little value because of his supposed ignorance of the languages. But he really knew and used the Hebrew to advantage, and the Old Testament was quite well done; but either through press of time or less accurate knowledge of Greek, the New Testament was inferior. To remedy the defects of Olivetan's version, the " venerable company " of pastors of Geneva undertook a revision of the work and was as-^t'vl by Beza, Simon Goulart, Antoine Fay, and ot'i .s. The editor was Bonaventure Corneille Bertram,