THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
and in the latter year was appointed professor of apologetics and New Testament exegesis in the Free Church Hall, Glasgow, a position which he held until his death. In theology he declared himself to be " in sympathy with modern religious thought, while maintaining solidarity with all that is best in the theology of the past; in favor of freedom in critical inquiries on the basis of evangelic faith, and of a simplified and more comprehensive creed." The boldness of his views brought him to the notice of the General Assembly of his denomination in 1890, but after consideration his writings were pronounced to be, on the whole, in accord with orthodox standards. He was Cunningham Lecturer in 1874, Ely Lecturer in Union Theological Seminary, New York, in 1886, and Gifford Lecturer in Glasgow University in 1896-97, and after 1894 collaborated with T. K. Cheyne in editing the Theological Translation Library. In addition to minor contributions, he wrote The Training of the Twelve (Edinburgh, 1871); The Humiliation of Christ (1S76); The Chief End of Revelation (London, 1SS1); The Parabolic Teaching of Christ (1882); The Galilcean Gospel (Edinburgh, 1884); F C. Baur and his Theory of the Origin of Christianity and of the New Testament (London, 1885); The Miraculous Element in the Gospels (the Ely lectures for 1886; 1886); The Life of William Denny (1888); The Kingdom of God, or, Christ's Teachings according to the Synoptic Gospels (Edinburgh, 1889); Apologetics : or, The Cause of Christianity defensively stated (1892); St. Paul's Conception of Christianity (1894); With Open Face : or, Jesus mirrored in Matthew, Mark, and Luke (London, 1896); The Providential Order of the World (Gifford lectures for 1897; 1897); a commentary on the synoptic Gospels in The Expositor's Greek Testament (1897); The Epistle to the Hebrews : the first Apology for Christianity (Edinburgh, 1899); and The Moral Order of the World in Ancient and Modern Thought (Gifford lectures for 1898; London, 1899).
Bibliography: DNB, supplement i., 321-322.
BRUCH, bruH, JOHANN FRIEDRICH: German theologian; b. at Pirmasens (13 m. e.s.e. of Zweibrticken), Rhenish Bavaria, Dec. 13, 1792; d. at Strasburg July 21, LS74. He was educated at the gymnasium of Zweibrueken and the Protestant academy of Strasburg, after which he was successively tutor at Cologne (1812), vicar at Lohr in German Lotharingia, and private tutor in Paris (181.5). In Nov., 1821, he was appointed professor at the Protestant seminary at Strasburg, and a few months later became full professor in the theological faculty. His position, both then and later, was rationalistic. His conception of revelation, miracles, Christ and his works, sin, and salvation, therefore, frequently diverged widely from the teachings of the Church and of tradition. His lectures were at first restricted to Christian ethics and the synoptic Gospels, but later embraced also systematic theology and the New Testament, in addition to practical homiletics. After 1831 he was preacher at the Nicholaikirehe, where he sought to instruct and calm the religious excitement
caused by the attacks of orthodox Pietism on liberal theology, aiming to further a faith based on reason and a life of true Christianity, as well as unity and peace within the Church.
Bruch's influence was also felt in the development of the religious life of his city, and in the foundation and administration of religious and ecclesiastical projects. The first infant schools, the evening schools for poor children, Sunday lectures for workingmen, the society for the improvement of young criminals, and the society for the evangelization of Protestants scattered in the departments of the East were among those inspired and called into existence by him. He was also the president of the Strasburg Bible Society and until his death conducted the pastoral conference of his city. After 1828 he likewise acted as the director of the Protestant gymnasium. In 1849 he was appointed inspector of the district of St. Thomas, in 1852 a member of the supreme consistory, and in 1866 of the directory. Amid all these tasks he found time and strength to treat the most obscure problems of theology and philosophy, although he was obliged, for lack of sympathy, to abandon his plan of writing in French to supply the deficiency of Protestant theological literature in France. The Franco-Prussian War brought devastation into Church and school, and Bruch was accordingly appointed rector of the new university and placed in control of the provisional direction of ecclesiastical affairs, the final efforts of his life being devoted to a reorganization of the theological faculty and of the ecclesiastical situation, which he sought to protect against the domination of the system prevailing at Berlin.
Bruch was a prolific writer, his works, in addition to numerous pamphlets and articles in learned periodicals, being as follows: Lehrbuch der christlichen Sittenlehre (2 vols., Strasburg, 1829-32); Christliche Vortrdge (2 vols., 1838-42); Etudes philosophiques sur le christianisme (Paris, 1839); Ideen zur Abfassung einer den Bedilrfnissen der deutsch-protestantischen Kirche Frankrcichs entsprechenden Liturgie (Strasburg, 1839); Die Lehre von den gbttlichen Eigenschaften (Hamburg, 1842); Zustande der protestantischen Kirche Frankreichs (1843); Betrachtungen fiber Christenthum und christlichen Glauben in Brief en (2 vols., Strasburg, 1845-46); Weisheitslehre der Hebrder, ein Beitrag zur Geschich/e der Philosophic (1851); Das Gebet des Herrn (1853); Ueber das Prinzip der weltuberwindcnden Macht des Christenthums (Gotha, 1856); Die protestantische Freiheit (Strasburg, 1857); Die Lehre von der Praexistenz der menschlichen Seele (1859); and Theorie des Bewusstseins (1864). T. Gerold.
Bibliography: Bruch's life-story is told in Kindheit- und Jugenderinnerungen von Dr. Fr. Bruch, Strasburg, ISS'J, and Johann Friedrich Bruch, seine Wirksamkeit in Schule und Kirche, 1S21-72, 1890, both edited from his remains by his son-in-law, T. Gerold.
BRUECK, briik (PONTANUS, real name HEINSE, HENISCH, HEINCZ), GREGORIUS: German jurist; b. at Bruck (22 m. n. of Wittenberg) c. 1484: d. at Jena Feb. 15, 1557. He studied at Wittenberg and Frankfort-on-the Oder, and became co famous