THE NKW SCHAFF-HERZOG
He was a Saxon nobleman, educated at the cathedral-school at Magdeburg, and accompanied his cousin, the Emperor Otto IIL, to Rome (99f>). where he took holy orders. Pope Sylvester II. entrusted to him a missionary expedition to the Slavs in the east, which the Polish duke Boleslav had asked for, and he was raised to the rank of archbishop. His chief task was to be the conversion of the heathen Prussians, to whom Adalbert of Prague (q.v.) had fallen victim but a short time before. Being detained at Magdeburg by wars between Germans and Poles, he wrote the Vita S. Albert i. Peace being reestablished, he went to Poland and was gladly received by Boleslav, but being unable to enter into Prussia, he converted the Petchenegs and organized their church affairs. Remaining for some time in Poland, he wrote the Vita quinque fratrum Polonicc, Christian martyrs slain in 1003 near Meseritz, and when at last he took upon him the task he was entrusted with, he and his companions, like St. Adalbert, lost their lives by the swords of the heathen not far from Braunsberg. Boleslav, who was deeply afflicted, ordered the remains of the martyrs to be gathered and brought to Poland, where they were solemnly buried and became an object of most devoted reverence. A. Werner.
Bibliography; The sources for a life are: the Chronicon of Diet mar, ed. J. M. Lappenberg, Hanover, 1889; Damian's Vita St. Romualdi, ed. G. H. Pertz, in MGH, Script., iv. 850-854, ib. 1841; Chronicon Magdeburgense, ed., Meibom, in Script, rer. Germ., pp. 269-378. Consult: W von Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, ii. 104, 192 sqq., Brunswick, 1875; idem, Erzbischof Brun-Bonifatius in Neue preussische Provinzialbldtter, i. (1859); Hauck, KD, vol. iii.; ADB, iii. 433.
BRUNO, SAINT: Founder of the Carthusian order. See Carthusians.
BRUNO OF SEGNI: Bishop of Segni (28 m. s.e. of Rome); b. at Solero (6 m. w. of Alessandria), Lombardy, between 1045 and 1049; d. at Segni July 18, 1123. He was educated in a monastery near his birthplace and at Bologna, became a canon at Sienna, and came to Rome in 1079. Here he came in contact with the leaders of the Church, and must have soon attracted the attention of Gregory VIE, if it is true that it was at his request that he disputed with Berengar on the Eucharist. In any case he accomplished his task so well that the pope made him bishop of Segni in the Campagna the same year. He was even more closely connected with Erban IE, whom he accompanied to France in 1095. In 1099 he entered the monastery of Monte Cassino, out without resigning his see or severing his relations with the outside world. He undertook an important mission to France for Paschal II. in 1106, and remained with the pope for some time after his return, finally going back to his cloister, where he was elected abbot in 1107 Paschal made no objection to this pluralism until in the conflicts of 1111 Bruno took the part of the antipope Maginulf (Sylvester IV.), and was forced to resign his abbacy and return to Segni. Lucius III. canonized him in 1181. His works (in MPL, clxiv., clxv.) are principally exegetieal. His Libel- Ins de symoniacis , written before 1109, is important for its discussion of the meaning of simony, and
especially for its attitude on the sacraments of a simoniacal priest. Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: Sources for a life are the Chronicon Cassine use , book iv., chaps. .'SL-42, ed. W. Wattenbach, in MGH, Script., vii. 776-7S3, Hanover, 1846, and an anonymous Vita in ASB, 18 July, iv. 478-488. The fullest and best modern treatment is by B. Gigalski, Bruno, Bischof von Segni, . sein Leben und seine Schriften, Miinster, 1S9S. Consult also Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. v.; C. Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII., pp. 384-385, 423-424,522-523, Leipsic, 1894; Meyer von Knonau, Jahrbucher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich IV., pp. 92 sqq., ib. 1904.
BRUNO OF TOUL. See Leo IX., Pope.
BRUNO OF WURZBURG: Bishop of Wiirzburg 1034-45. He was the son of Duke Conrad I. of Carinthia, and thus a nephew of Pope Gregory V. and a cousin of the emperor Conrad II. The latter made him bishop of Wiirzburg in 1034. In the spring of 1045 he accompanied Henry III. to Hungary, and died May 26 from the results of injuries received in the fall of a building at Persenbeug in what is now Epper Austria. As a theologian he is remembered for his commentary on the Psalms, made up mainly of extracts from older authors, especially Cassiodorus, but including Augustine, Gregory the Great, the pseudo-Bede, and the Breviarium in Psalmos ascribed to Jerome. A catechetical exposition of the Lord's Prayer and the Apostles' and Athanasian Creeds attributed to him is probably older. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Bruno's Commentary is in MPL, cxlii. Consult: J. Baier, Der heilige Bruno als Katechet,
Wiirzburg, 1893; ADB, iii. 435.
BRUNSWICK: A North German duchy, consisting of three larger territories and six small exclaves, bounded on the north by Hanover, on the east by Saxony, on the south by Hanover, and on the west by Westphalia; area, 1,424 square miles; population (1900), 464,333, of whom 432- 570 (93.1 %) are Lutherans; 4,406 (.9 %) Reformed; 24,175 (5.2%) Roman Catholics; 1,358 of various sects; and 1,824 (.39%) Jews. The Lutheran Church was established in the duchy in 1568, but received its first official organization in 1657 and 1709, while in 1755 and 1764 the administration was placed under six general superintendencies, which are now located at Wolfenbiittel, Brunswick, Helmstadt, Blankenburg, Gandersheim, and Holzminden. The act of Oct. 12, 1832, emphasized the ecclesiastical power of the duke, which is enforced with the cooperation and counsel of an evangelical consistory composed of both clergy and laity. At the same time the appointment of church-directors for the administration of individual churches was considered, but these officials were not actually created until Nov. 20, 1851. Where the congregation has the right of electing its pastors, these " church-deputies," together with an equal number of representatives elected by the community, choose the ministers, and in other cases extend the invitation to the candidates proposed by the duke or by patrons. The congregations, however, have the right to reject candidates who are deficient either in morality or in ability. The number of deputies has increased with the population from