THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Bibliography: The one book is W. Moll, J oh. Bruymann, en het Godsdienstig Leven, Amsterdam, 18.34. One of his sermons is given in Moll's biography, but other sermons and writings of his appear in Handeltnt/cii Maatechap-
pij der Xeilerlandsche letterkunde. The Hague, 1887; De Katholik, xx. ; .1 r chief voor N ederlandsche Kerkgeschiedenis i. (lsS5), iv. (1892-93).
BRULLY, bru"yi' (BRUSLY), PIERRE (Petrits Brulius): The successor of Calvin in Strasburg; b. at Mersilhaut (Mercy-le-Haut, about 2 in. s.e. of Metz) c. 1518; burned at the stake at Tournai (14 m. e. of Lille), Flanders, Feb. 19, 1545. Educated for the Church, he became lector in the Dominican convent at Metz and was expelled in 1540 or 1541 for sympathizing with the Reformation. In July, 1541, he was in Strasburg andintimate with Calvin, in whose house he lived, and when Calvin was recalled to Geneva (1541) succeeded him in the pastorate. In September, 1544, he undertook a missionary journey to Flanders on the invitation of persons in Tournai who wished instruction in the Reformed faith; preached there and in neighboring cities with earnestness and success, but necessarily in secret, as to preach Protestant doctrine was forbidden. He was arrested at Tournai in November, condemned, and executed, notwithstanding efforts made to save him from Strasburg and by the Protestant princes of Germany.
Bibliography: C. Paillard, Le Prods de Pierre Brully, Paris, 1878; B- Keuss, Pierre Brully, Strasburg, 1879.
BRUNETIERE, bru"ne-tyar', MARIE FERDI- NAND : French Roman Catholic critic; b. at Toulon (42 m. e.s.e. of Marseilles) July 19, 1849; d. in Paris Dec. 9, 1906. Educated at Marseilles and at the Lycee Louis le Grand, Paris, he became secretary of the editorial board of the Revue des deux mondes in 1875 and editor in 1893. He was appointed professor of the French language and literature at the Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, and in 1893 became a lecturer at the Sorbonne. He delivered a course of lectures in the United States in 1897. In 1887 he was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor, and in 1893 was admitted to the French Academy, while in 1895 he was appointed a commander of the Order of Pius IX. His theological attitude was noteworthy in that, like Coppee, Huysmans, and other distinguished literary men of France, he became convinced of the truth of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, abandoning the agnosticism which he had formerly professed. His writings, which mark a new epoch in French criticism, include Etudes critiques sur Vhistoire de la UtUrature franraise (7 vols., Paris, 1880-1903); Histoire et UtUrature (3 vols., 1884-86); Questions de critique (2 vols., 1889-90); Evolution des genres dans Vhistoire de la UtUrature (1890); Xouvelles questions de critique (1890); Les fipoques du thintre fran<;ais 1636-1850 (1892); Essais sur la UtUrature contemporaine (2 vols., 1892-95); L'Evolution de la poesie lyrique en France au dixneuvieme siecle (2 vols., 1894); Education et instruction (1895); La Moralitt de la doctrine evolutive (1896); La Renaissance de I'idi'alisme (1896); Le Roman nnturaliste (1896); Manuel de Vhistoire de la littrrature franraise (1897; Eng. transl.. New York, l^(t^>; and Discours aradi'miijucs (1901); Les
motifs d'espcrer (1902); Cinq lettres sur Ernest Renan (1903); Les difjiculUs de croire (1904); and Sur les chemins de la croyance (1904).
BRUNFELS, OTTO: German humanist and Reformer. The date of his birth can not be determined; d. at Bern Nov. 23, 1534. His father was an artisan at Mainz. At an early age he entered the Carthusian order, but the spirit of the age soon drew him out of his convent into the polemics of the time. At first he was a follower of Hutten, for whom he broke a lance with Erasmus, and whose library he used in compiling a small collection of the writings of Huss, which he published in 1524, with a dedication to Luther. He served the Reformation as a preacher, first at Steinheim, and then at Neuenburg in the Breisgau. When the attitude of the imperial government made his position there insecure, he went to Strasburg, where he supported himself by teaching, wrote against tithes, and studied medicine. He was a friend of Luther and also of Carlstadt, but was still more strongly attracted by Zwingli, whose influence procured him a medical position at Bern. His importance lies chiefly in the fact that he was a successful botanist, and a pioneer in this science for Germany, with his extensive illustrated Herbarium (Strasburg. 3 vols., 1530-40, translated into German, 2 parts, 1532-37, 2d ed., 1546). (W Vogt.)
BRUNNER (FONTANUS), LEONHARD: German Reformer; b. probably at Esslingen (7 m. e.s.e. of Stuttgart) c. 1500; d. at Landau (18 m. n.w. of Carlsruhe) Dec. 20, 1558. In 1527 he was called from Strasburg, where he was a deacon, to Worms, as pastor of the congregation. By his discretion he soon restored harmony in the community, which had been endangered for a time by the activities of the Anabaptists Denk, Hetzer, and Kantz. In 1531 he published his Christliche Betrachtung, wie man sich bei den Kranken und Sterbenden halten soil ; and in 1543 he prepared a Catechismus und Anweisung zum christlichen Glauben, of which the few fragments still extant show his catechetical ability. In the doctrine on the Lord's Supper he followed the Strasburg theologians. Through the Interim he was obliged in 1548 to resign his office at Worms and fled to Strasburg, where he soon became assistant pastor. With the other Strasburg ministers he adopted the Lutheran teaching, and remained faithful to it in Landau, whither he was called in 1553 by the Treaty of Passau. Here he contributed much toward the amelioration of the moral and religious life of the people. Besides the works already mentioned, he published Concordantz des Xeuen Testaments (Strasburg, 1524) and Concordantz und Zeiger alter biblischen Biicher (1530).
Julius Net.
Bibliography: A. Weckerling, L. Brunner, Worms, 1895; A. Becker, Beitrage zur Geschichte von Worms, pp. 54 s<IM., ib. 1880.
BRUNO OF COLOGNE: Archbishop of Cologne 953-965; b. in the spring of 925. the youngest son of Henry I., the Fowler; d. at Reims Oct. 11, 965. He was educated from his fourth to I lis fourteenth year in the cathedral school of