RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Buck Buddeus
der Richter (in the Kurzer Handcommentar zum Alten Testament, Freiburg, 1897); Hohelied und Klagelieder (in the same series, 1898); The Religion of Israel to the Exile (The American Lectures on the History of Religions for 1898-99, New York, 1899) ; Die sogenannten Jahvelieder und die Bedeutung des Knechtes Jahves in Jesaija Jfi-55, ein Minoritatsvo'tum (Giessen, 1900); Der Kanon des Alten Testaments (1900); Die Biicher Samuel (in Kurzer Handcommentar zum Alten Testament, Freiburg, 1902); Das Alte Testament und die Ausgrabungen (Giessen, 1903); Die Schatzung des Konigtums im Alten Testament (Marburg, 1903); Was soil die Gemeinde aus dem Streit um Babel und Bibel lernen ? (Tubingen, 1903); and Hebraische Litteraturgeschichte (Leipsic, 1906). He also translated A. Kuenen's National Religions and Universal Religions (Hibbert Lectures for 1882, London, 1882) under the title Volksreligion und Weltreligion (Berlin, 1883), and a number of the same scholar's monographs as Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur biblischen Wissenschaft (Freiburg, 1894). He has likewise edited the eighth and ninth editions of J. Hollenberg's Hebraisches Schulbuch (Berlin, 1895, 1900) and Eduard Reuss' Briejwechsel mit seinem Schiller und Freunde Karl Heinrich Graf (in collaboration with H. J. Holtzmann, Giessen, 1904).
BUDDENSIEG, bud"den-sig', OSKAR GOTTLIEB RUDOLF: German Lutheran; b. at Greussen (25 m. n.w. of Weimar) Sept. 5, 1844. He was educated at the universities of Leipsic and Berlin (1864-67; Ph.D., Berlin, 1871), and studied in London in 1867-73. Returning to his native country, he was a teacher successively at the Andreanum in Hildesheim (1873-74) and at the Vitzthum gymnasium in Dresden (1874-87), declining a call to a professorship in the University of Vienna in 1886. From 1887 to 1894 he was director of a normal school for young men in Dresden, and thereafter held a similar position in a normal school for young women there. In 1883 he founded the Wyclif Society in London. He wrote : Die assyrischen Ausgrabungen und das Alte Testament (Heilbronn, 1880); Johann Wiclifs lateinische Streitschriften zum ersten Male aus den Handschriften herausgegeben (2 vols., Leipsic, 1883; Eng. ed., under the title John Wiclifs Polemical Works, 2 vols., London, 1884-85); Johann Wiclif und seine Zeit (Halle, 1884) ; John Wiclif, Patriot and Reformer (London, 1884); and Johann Wiclifs De veritate sacrce scriptures (3 vols., Leipsic, 1904; Eng. ed., 3 vols., London, 1905-07). Died at Dresden Oct. 13, 1908.
BUDDEUS, bud"de'us, JOHANNES FRANCIS- CUS (Johann Franz Budde): German theologian and philosopher; b. at Anclam (47 m. n.w. of Stettin), Pomerania, where his father was pastor, June 25, 1667; d. at Gotha Nov. 19, 1729. He early received a thorough education in classical and Oriental languages, and had read the Bible through in the original before he went to the University of Wittenberg in 1685. He was appointed adjunct professor of philosophy there soon after taking his master's degree in 1687, and in 1689 exchanged this for a similar position at Jena, where he also paid much attention to the study of history.
In 1692 he went to Coburg as professor of Greek and Latin, and the next year to the new University of Halle as professor of moral philosophy. Here he remained until 1705, when he went to Jena as second professor of theology. His lectures embraced all branches of this science, and frequently touched on philosophy, history, and politics. Respected by all as a man and a Christian, he remained at Jena for the rest of his life, several times acting as rector of the university temporarily and being head of his department and an ecclesiastical councilor from 1715. He was considered the most universally accomplished German theologian of his time. In philosophy he professed an eclecticism which rested on a broad historical foundation; but he recognized in Descartes the originator of a new period, and in attacking the " atheist " Spinoza followed especially the upholders of the law of nature, such as Hugo Grotius, Puffendorf, and Thomasius. His theological position was determined by the tradition of Musaeus at Jena, partly through his close relations with Baier; but on another side he was inclined toward Pietism. His association with Spangenberg, Spener, and Zinzendorf brought him under suspicion and actually gave rise to a formal investigation of his doctrine. In certain ways, too, he was influenced by the federalist theology, but without allowing it to lead him beyond the bounds of Lutheran orthodoxy. In all departments he showed himself a man of sound learning and scholarly instincts. His work was epoch-making in church history, especially that dealing with the Old Testament and the apostolic age. Taken as a whole, the life of Buddeus belongs to the transition period which follows that of simple orthodoxy; the influence' of anew age and new leading interests appears in him, and at times he seems to be conscious of the change. Yet in his Biblical criticism he did not get so far as to make the slightest concession;, not a verse of a canonical book can be touched; without injuring the perfection of the whole. As an academic teacher he attained great success, and he had the gift of a striking and pregnant style,, especially in Latin. His works, great and small, number over a hundred. Of those published in the Halle period may be mentioned Elementa philosophic practices (1697) and Elementa philosophies eclecticoe (1703). To the second Jena period belong among others the Institutiones theologies moralis (1711; German transl., 1719), a work strictly in accordance with his philosophical ethics; the Historia ecclesiastica veteris testamenti (1715-18); Theses theological de atheismo et superstitione (1716),, which, directed especially against Spinoza, attracted much attention; Institutiones theologies dogmaticce (1723), a work once very influential, obviously founded on Baier's Compendium; Historische und theologische Einleitung in die vornehmsten Religion sstreitigkeiten (1724, 1728), edited by Walch; Isagoge historico-theologica ad theologiam universam (1727), dealing with the problems, methods, and history of theology in a way remarkable for that time; and Ecclesia apostolica (1729), intended as an introduction to the study of the New Testament.
(Johannes Kunze.)
Buddhism