RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Bruno Bryant
four to sixteen, and they are chosen by secret ballot, serving for a term of six years.
About twenty years after the organization of the parishes, a general synod was created (May 31, 1871), consisting of twelve clergymen and sixteen laymen from seven electoral districts, in addition to two clerical and two lay delegates appointed by the duke. This synod, which holds its sessions in public, controls all modification, interpretation, and promulgation of laws for the churches, except in matters of doctrine. The committee of the synod is composed of two clerical and two lay members with a fifth chosen from one of the two main bodies, and is required to decide, together with the consistory, on the rejection of candidates by individual congregations, and to discipline pastors and teachers of religion.
Shortly after the creation of this synod, inspectoral synods were introduced by a law of Jan. 6, 1873, which enacted that each parish should be inspected every two years, and that this must take place annually for the city of Brunswick in one of the local churches. A lay inspector may also be appointed by the duke in addition to the regular synod. These regulations control twenty-eight superintendencies with 230 parishes and 428 buildings for religious purposes, of which 333 are churches. A seminary for preachers is conducted at Wolfenbiittel by the consistory, and numerous institutions and associations exist in the duchy. Among the latter special mention may be made of a missionary society, a house of deaconesses, the sisterhoods at Marienberg near Helmstadt, and, above all, of the " Evangelical Association for the Duchy of Brunswick," with its many affiliated interests. Few sectaries have found their way into Brunswick, although Baptists and Mennonites are found here and there, the latter having an establishment for missions in the capital itself.
(WlLHELM GOETZ.)
Bibliography: J. Beste, Geschichte der braunschweigischen Landeskirche, Wolfenbiittel, 1889; Entwurf einer Verfassungs-Urkunde fiir die evangelisch-lutherische Kirche des Herzogtums Braunschweig, Brunswick, 1850; J. Bugenhagen, Bugenhagens Kirchenordnung -fiir die Stadt Braunschweig, 1528, Leipsic, 1885; F. Koldewey, Beitrage zur Kirchen- und Schulgeschichte des . . . Braunschweig, Wolfenbiittel, 1888; Beitrage zur Statistik des Herzogtums Braunschweig, Brunswick, part xx., 1907.
BRUSTON, bru"sten', CHARLES AUGUSTE:
French Reformed; b. at Bordeaux (90 m. n. of Marseilles) Mar. 6, 1838. He was educated at the lyceum of Grenoble (bachelier es lettres, 1854), the seminary at Montauban (bachelier en th6ologie, 1859), and the universities of Geneva, Halle, Berlin, Gottingen, and Heidelberg. He was then successively pastor of Reformed churches at Chatillonen-Diois in 1861-62, Die in 1862-64. Bordeaux in 1864-68, and Orleans in 1868-74. In the latter year he was appointed professor of Hebrew in the Protestant faculty of theology of Montauban, and since 1894 has been dean of the same faculty. He is a member of the synodical committee of studies and other committees, and was elected a corresponding associate of the Societe des Antiquaires de France. In theology he is progressive, but is opposed to arbitrary speculations. He has written:
De V authenticity des Actes des Apotres (Toulouse, 1859); Les Psaumes traduits de I'Hebreu (Paris,'. 1868); Du Texte primitif des Psatimes (1873); De lapsu hominis (Orleans, 1873); Histoire critique de la litterature prophetique des Hebreux (Paris, 1881); Les Quatre sources des lois de VExode (1883);, Etudes sur V 'Apocalypse (1884); Les Deux J (hevistes, etudes sur les sources de l' histoire sainte (Montauban, 1885); Les Origines de V Apocalypse (Paris, 1888); La Vie future d'apres I'enseignernent de Jesus-Christ (1890); La Sulammite, melodrame en cinq actes (1891); Les Cinq Documents de la loi mosaique (1892); Le Parallele entre Adam et Jesus-Christ, etude exegetique sur Rom. v. 12-21 (1894); La Vie future d'apres St. Paul (1895); Le Dixieme congres des Orientalistes et V Ancien Testament (1895); Etudes sur Daniel et V Apocalypse (1896); La Descente de Christ aux enfersd'apres les Apotres et d'apres I'Eglise (1897); Les Paroles de Jesus decouvertes en Egypte (1898); Les Predictions^ de Jesus (1899); Le C antique de Dibora (1901); Etudes pheniciennes (2 vols., 1903-06); L' Inscription de Siloe et celle d' Eshmoun-azar (1904); Vraie et fausse critique biblique (1905); Fragments d'un ancien recueil de paroles de Jesus (1905); and L'Histoire sacerdotale et le Deuteronome primitif (1906), in addition to numerous contributions tec theological periodicals and works of reference.
BRUYS, PIERRE DE. See Peter of Brtjys.
BRYANT, JACOB: English antiquarian; b. at Plymouth 1715; d. at Cypenham, in Farnham Royal (4 m. n. of Windsor), Nov. 14, 1804. He studied at King's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1740;; M.A., 1744), and became fellow; was tutor and in 1756 became secretary to the Duke of Marlborough, and enjoyed the patronage of the family during his life and had free access to their famous library at Blenheim. He was a learned man, but his fondness for paradox and other eccentricities render his writings of slight permanent value. He published works upon a variety of subjects. classical literature and antiquities, the gipsy language, the Marlborough collection of gems, etc. Those which have religious interest are Observations and Enquiries Relating to Various Parts of Ancient History (Cambridge, 1767), in which he defends the reading Euroclydon in Acts xxvii. 14, and maintains that Melita was not Malta; A Aew System or an Analysis of Ancient Mythology (3; vols., London, 1774-76; 3d edition with account of the author, 6 vols., 1807), an attempt to substantiate the Bible by a study of the traditional remains of all nations; Vindicice Flaviana : a Vindication of the Testimony of Josephus concerning Jesus Christ (1777); A Treatise on the Authenticity of the Scriptures (1791); Observations on a Controverted Passage in Justin Martyr; also upon the Worship of Angels (1793); Observations upon the Plagues Inflicted upon the Egyptians, with maps. (1794); The Sentiments of Philo Judceus concerning the Logos (1797); Observations upon Some Passages in Scripture (relating to Balaam, Joshua,. Samson, and Jonah, 1803).
Bibliography: Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century (9 vols., London, 1812-15) and Illustrations of the Liter-
Eryce Buchwald