RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Busembaum Butler
erates him as one of the molders of religious opinion, and has been influenced by him more perhaps than it knows. A centenary edition of his works appeared in twelve volumes (New York, 1903).
Bibliography: H. C. Trumbull, in My Four Religious Teachers, Philadelphia, 1903; M. B. Cheney, Life and Letters of Horace Bushnell, New York, 1880 (by his daughter); T. T. Munger, Horace Bushnell, Preacher and Theologian, Boston, 1899. His Spirit in Man, Sermons and Selections was published in a centenary ed., with classified and annotated literature, by H. B. Learned, New York, 1903.
BUTLER, ALBAN: English Roman Catholic; b. at Appletree (70 m. n.w. of London), Northamptonshire, Oct. 24, 1710; d. at St. Omer (22 m. s.e. of Calais), France, May 15, 1773. He was educated at Douai and became professor there of philosophy and divinity; was ordained priest, 1735; traveled through France and Italy, 1745-46, and then was sent for a short time to the Roman Catholic mission in Staffordshire. Later he was tutor to Edward Howard, duke of Norfolk, and accompanied him to Paris; about 1766 he became president of the English college at St. Omer. He labored for thirty years on his chief work, The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints, which was published anonymously in four volumes (vol. iii., 2 parts) at London, 1756-59. The second edition, with notes and other matter omitted in the first edition, edited by Dr. Carpenter, archbishop of Dublin, appeared at Dublin in twelve volumes in 1779-80. It has appeared in several later editions and abridgments (as by F. C. Husenbeth, with omission of the notes and most of the shorter lives, 2 vols., London, 1857-60), and was translated into French and Italian. His nephew, Charles Butler (q.v.), prepared a continuation (London, 1823). A complete general index was published in 1886.
Bibliography: Charles Butler, An Account of the Life and Writings of Alban Butler, Edinburgh, 1800, contained also in vol. iii. of the works of Charles Butler, London, 1817, and in many editions of the Lives; DNB, viii. 33-34.
BUTLER, ALFORD AUGUSTUS: Protestant Episcopalian; b. at Portland, Me., Sept. 23, 1845. He was educated at Griswold College, Davenport, la., where he completed his theological education in 1873. He was ordered deacon in the same year, and was ordained priest in 1874. He was successively assistant in Grace Cathedral, Davenport, la. (1873), and rector of Grace Church, Cedar Rapids, la. (1873-77), Trinity Church, Bay City, Mich. (1877-84), Church of the Epiphany, New York City (1884-91), and Christ Church, Red Wing, Minn. (1891-94). Since 1894 he has been warden and professor of homiletics, liturgies, and religious pedagogy in Seabury Divinity School, Faribault, Minn. He was active in organizing the Parochial Mission Society of the United States, and was chosen secretary of its executive committee, and also took a prominent part in establishing the first deaconess school in the Protestant Episcopal Church. He is likewise a member of the Joint Commission on Sunday Schools and of the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Ha has written: How to Study the Life of Christ (New York, 1902); How shall we worship God?
(1904); and The Churchman's Manual of Sunday School Methods (Milwaukee, 1906).
BUTLER, ALFRED JOSHUA: Church of England layman; b. at Loughborough (10 m. n.n.w. of Leicester), Leicestershire, Sept. 21, 1850. He was educated at Trinity College, Oxford (B.A., 1874), and after being assistant master at Winchester from 1874 to 1879, was tutor to the Khedive of Egypt in 1879-81. He was elected fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1877, and was appointed bursar four years later, both of which positions he still holds. He has written : Amaranth and Asphodel, Verses from the Greek Anthology (London, 1880); Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt (2 vols., Oxford, 1884); Court Life in Egypt (London, 1887); The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and some neighboring Countries attributed to Aba Salih, the1 Armenian (1895, in collaboration with B. T. A. Evetts); and The Arab Conquest of Egypt (London, 1902).
BUTLER, CHARLES: English Roman Catholic layman; nephew of Alban Butler (q.v.); b. in London Aug. 14, 1750; d. there June 2. 1832. He studied at Douai, and for many years was a leading lawyer of London. He was prominent in the movement to secure the repeal of the laws against Roman Catholics; in regard to the hierarchy and the relations of English Catholics to the pope he was an extreme Gallican, and found bitter opponents in the vicars-apostolic in England. He was a voluminous writer; among the more important of his works are Horce biblicce (2 pts., London, 1797- 1802); Historical Memoirs respecting the English, Irish, and Scottish Catholics from the Reformation (4 vols., 1819-21); Reminiscences (1822); The Book of the Roman Catholic Church (1825); biographies of Alban Bulter (1800), Fenelon (1811), Erasmus (1825), Grotius (1826), and others. He continued his uncle's Lives of the Saints.
BUTLER, CLEMENT MOORE: American Episcopalian; b. at Troy, N. Y., Oct. 16, 1810; d. in Philadelphia Mar. 5, 1890. He was graduated at Washington (Trinity) College 1833, and at the* General Theological Seminary, New York, 1836; was rector of various churches in New York, the District of Columbia, Massachusetts, and Ohio 1837-61, and from 1849 to 1853 chaplain of the United States Senate; chaplain of the United States embassy at Rome 1861-64; professor of church history in the Protestant Episcopal Divinity- School, Philadelphia, 1864-84. Besides occasional sermons, he published: The Year of the Church, hymns and devotional verse for the Sundays and Holy Days of the ecclesiastical year for young persons (Utica, N. Y., 1839); The Book of Common Prayer- Interpreted by its History (Boston, 1845; 2d ed., enlarged, Washington, 1849); Addresses and Lectures on Public Men and Public Affairs delivered in Washington City (Cincinnati, 1856); The Flock Fed, catechetical instruction preparatory to confirmation (New York, 1862); Inner Rome, political, religious, and social (Philadelphia, 1866); The Ritualism of Law (1867); A Manual of Ecclesiastical History (from the first to the nineteenth century ; 2 vols., 1868-72); History of the Book of Common-
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