THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Prayer (1S80); History of the Reformation in Sweden (New York, 1883).
BUTLER, HENRY MONTAGUE: Master of Trinity College, Cambridge; b. at Gayton (4 m. n. of Towcester), Northampton, July 2, 1833. He was educated at Trinity College (B.A., 1855), and was ordained priest in 1859. He was fellow of his college in 1855-60, and was head master of Harrow School from 1859 to 1885. He was honorary chaplain to the queen in 1875-77 and chaplain in ordinary in 1S77-85, as well as examining chaplain to archbishops Tait and Benson of Canterbury from 1879 to 1887 He was also prebendary of Holborn in St. Paul's Cathedral in 1882-85, dean of Gloucester in 1885-86, and vice-chancellor of Cambridge in 1889-91. Since 1886 he has been master of Trinity College, and honorary canon of Ely since 1898. He was select preacher at Oxford in 1877-78, 1878-80, 1882, and 1899, and at Cambridge in 1879, 1SS5, 1893, 1896-98, 1901, and 1903, while in 1871 he was created a commander of the Order of the Crown of Italy. He is also a governor of Haileybury College, Harrow School, Cheltenham College, Wellington College, and Westminster School, and has written: Sermons preached in the Chapel of Harrow School (2 vols., London, 1861-69); Belief in Christ and other Sermons preached in Trinity College (1898); "Lift up your Hearts" : Words of Good Cheer for the Holy Communion (1898); University and other Sermons (1899); and Public School Sermons (1899).
BUTLER, JAMES GLENTWORTH: Presbyterian; b. at Brooklyn, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1821. He was educated at New York University (did not graduate), Union Theological Seminary (1846-47), and Yale Divinity School, being graduated from the latter in 1849. After being a resident licentiate at the same institution in 1849-50, he was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry late in 1852 and was pastor of the Walnut Street Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, Pa., until 1868. He was then elected corresponding secretary of the American and Foreign Christian Union, a position which he retained three years, after which he was pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Brooklyn, for two years (1871-73). In 1874 he retired from the active ministry, and has since lived the life of a private scholar. In addition to a number of briefer contributions, he prepared The Bible Reader's Commentary, Xew Testament (2 vols., New York, 1879), which was afterward enlarged under the title Bible Work (11 vols., 1892) and made to include the Old Testament; and Vital Truths respecting God and Man (Philadelphia, 1904).
BUTLER, JOHN GEORGE: Lutheran; b. at Cumberland, Md., Jan. L'8, 1S20. He was educated at Pennsylvania College (1846) and Gettysburg Theological Seminary, Gettysburg, Pa (1847- 18 HI), and was pastor of St. Paul's English Lutheran Church, Washington, D.C., from 1S49 to 1873. From the latter year he was pastor of the Luther Place Memorial Church in the same city. He also served throughout the Civil War as a chaplain in and near Washington, was chaplain of the House of Representatives from 1869 to 1875, and of the
Senate from 1866 to 1893. He was likewise professor of homiletics and church history in Howard University, Washington, from 1871 to 1891, and for many years was Washington correspondent of the Lutheran's Observer and the Lutheran Evangelist, and editor of the latter paper from 1893. Died in Washington, D. C, Aug. 2, 1909.
BUTLER, JOSEPH: Bishop of Durham; b. at Wantage (14 m. s.w. of Oxford) May 18, 1092; d. at Bath June 16, 1752. He was the youngest of the eight children of Thomas Butler, a retired linen-draper and stanch Presbyterian, but was allowed to enter Oriel College, Oxford, and in 1718 the ministry of the Church of England. From 1719 to 1726 he was preacher at the Rolls Chapel, London, where most of the congregation were lawyers and the pay small; from 1721 to 1738 he was prebendary of Salisbury; from 1721 to 1725, rector of Haughton-le-Skerne (2 m. n.e. of Darlington); and from 1725 to 1740 of Stanhope (26 m. n. of Darlington). From 1733 to 1740 he was a prebendary of Rochester; from 1733 to 1736 chaplain to the lord chancellor; from 1736 to her death in 1737 clerk of the closet to Caroline, queen consort of George II.; from 1738 to 1750 bishop of Bristol, the poorest see in England; from 1740 to 1750 dean of St. Paul's with a prebend and residentiary canony; from 1746 to 1750 clerk of the closet to the King (George II.); from 1750 till his death, bishop of Durham, the richest see in England. As appears from the above, he was a pluralist. He was not, however, avaricious, but generous to a fault. He was shy, reticent, sensitive, more of a thinker than a reader, and he never married. His one great aim was to combat the current Deism and contempt for religion. This he did with unrivaled force. He had the very expensive taste of building and spent much money in reconstructing his episcopal residences.
His reputation rests upon his writings, all published by himself or in his lifetime, as his literary remains were destroyed at his death, according to his direction. These writings are few in number but weighty in matter. This is the full list: Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel (1726); The Analogy of Religion Natural and Revealed to the Constitution and Course of Nature (1736); six occasional sermons of various dates; a part of his episcopal charge at Bristol in 1749, and his episcopal charge at Durham in 1751; and the correspondence, down to 1714, between himself and Samuel Clarke, which the latter published in the fourth edition (1716) of his Boyle lectures on the Being and Attributes of God, and separately the same year, but which has received additions.
To understand and appreciate these writings of Butler one must bear in mind two facts: Butler lived in the " golden age of English Deism," when Christianity, as he himself says, was " not so much as a subject of inquiry; but that it is, now at length, discovered to be fictitious"; and secondly that he was intensely practical. He wrote his famous Fifteen Sermons, as J. H. Bernard says, " not to propound a new basis for speculative ethics, but to justify to practical men the practice