THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
afterward, however, Queen Elizabeth again honored his memory. Paul Gruenberg.
Bibliography: A complete collection of Butzer's works has never been made, that begun by his associate K. Hubert never getting beyond the first volume, Basel, 1577 (known as Tonius A riglicanus because it contained mostly writings published in England). A bibliography of Butzer's published works and literature about him was issued by F Mentz and A. Erichson in Yierhundertjahrige Geburtsjeier M. Butzer's, IStrasburg, 1801. Consult: J. W Baum, Capito uiid Butzcr, Sirassburgs Rejormatorcn, Elberfeld, 1S60 (from the sources); I. B. Rady, Die Reformatoren in ihrer Beziehung zur Doppclehe des Lavdgrafen Philipp, Frankfort, 1890; C. Conrad, Martin Butzer, Strasburg, 1891; A. Erichson, Die calrinistische und die Altstrassburger Gottesdienstordnung, ib. 1894; H. von Schubert, in Beitrage zur Reformationsgeschichte, pp. 192-228, Gotha, 1896; A. Ernst and J. Adam, Kateehetische Geschichte des Elsasses bis zur Reformation, pp. 42- 72, Strasburg, 1S97; F. Hubert, Strassburger Katechismen aus den Tagen der Reformation, in ZKG, xx. (1899) 395—413; A. Lang, Der Evangelienkommentar Butzers und die Grundziige seiner Theologie, in Studien zur Geschichte der Theologie und Kirche, vol. ii., Leipsic, 1900; S. M. Jackson, Huldreich Zwingli, passim, New York, 1903; J. Kostlin, Martin Luther, ed. G. Kawerau, passim, 2 vols., Berlin, 1903; J. M Reu, Quellen zur Geschichte des Icirchlichen Unterrichts, Giitersloh, 1904; J. Ficker, Thesaurus Baumianus, Strasburg, 1905; Moeller, Christian Church, vol. iii., passim; Schaff, Christian Church, vol. vi., passim.
BUXTORF: A family of scholars at Basel, noteworthy for their services in the study of the Old Testament and Hebrew language and literature.
1. Johann Buxtorf the Elder: Orientalist; b. at Camen (8 m. s.w. of Hamm), Westphalia, Dec. 25, 1564; d. at Basel Sept. 13, 1629. He received his earliest education in the schools of Hamm and Dortmund, and then went to Marburg and Herborn, where he began his Hebrew studies under Piscator. Leaving Herborn, he studied successively at Heidelberg, Basel, Zurich, and Geneva, returning to Basel and taking his degree in 1590. In the following year, after much hesitation, he accepted the chair of Hebrew at the University of Basel, and later added other duties to this position, including the direction of the gymnasium. In 1610, however, he declined an appointment to a professorship of theology, as well as calls to Leyden and Saumur. Buxtorf was the greatest rabbinical student among the Protestants, availing himself not only of the Hebrew commentaries on the books of the Old Testament and the writings of learned Jews, but also carrying on an active correspondence with Jewish schola-s in Germany, Poland, and Italy. His close relations with Jews, however, frequently exposed him to suspicion, and on one occasion he was fined 100 florins for attending the circumcision of a son of a Jew who resided in his house as his assistant in the printing of his Hebrew Bible. He devoted his Hebrew knowledge to the defense of the original text of the Old Testament against the Roman Catholics, who regarded the Vulgate and the Septuagint as the more reliable authorities, and also against the doubts cast upon it by such Reformers as Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin, his services being the more important in view of the necessity of appeal to the purity of the Hebrew text in Protestant polemics against Catholicism. His chief works are as follows: Mtiumilu Hebraicum et Chaldaicum (Basel, 1602); Juden-
Schiil (1603; Latin transl., Synagoga Judaica, by H. Germberg, Hanau, 1604); Lexicon Hebraicum et Chaldaicum (1607); De abbreviaturis Hebraicis (1613); Biblia Hebraica cum paraphrasi Chaldaica et commentariis rabbinorum (4 vols., 1618-19); and Tiberius, sive commentarius masorethicus (1620); but he did not live to complete his Concordantice Bibliorum Hebraica or his Lexicon Chaldaicum, Talmudicum et Rabbinicum, both of which were edited by his son (Basel, 1632, 1639).
2. Johann Buxtorf the Younger: Orientalist; son of the preceding; b. at Basel Aug. 13, 1599; d. there Aug. 17, 1664. After receiving his first education from his father, he attended the high school of his native city, and in 1617 went to Heidelberg, where he remained two years, then going to Dort, where he attended the synod. After its conclusion he made a tour of Holland, England, and France, in company with the delegates of the city, and then returned to Basel. At the age of twentythree he published his Lexicon Chaldaicum et Syriacum (Basel, 1622), and in the following year studied at Geneva, but declined a call to the professorship of logic at Lausanne, preferring to remain in his native city, where he served as a deacon from 1624 to 1630. Delicate health, however, obliged him to resign all hopes of becoming a preacher, and in 1630 he succeeded his father as professor of Hebrew. He declined calls to Groningen and Leyden, and in 1654 accepted the chair of Old Testament exegesis, as being closely associated with the one which he already held. It was his task to defend the views of his father on the purity of the transmitted Masoretic text of the Old Testament against many attacks, particularly by Cappel (q.v.), who assailed the credibility of rabbinical tradition and regarded the Hebrew text as inferior in places to the ancient versions. In this and kindred controversies Buxtorf wrote De punctorum, vocalium atque accentuum in libris Veteris Testamenti Hebraicis origine, antiquitate et auctoritote (Basel, 1648), and Anticritica, seu vindicice veritatis Hebraica adversus Ludovici Cappelli criticam quam sacramvocat (1653), but though the logical victory rested with Cappel, who could appeal both to the judgment of Elias Levita (q.v.), who exercised a powerful influence on the development of Old Testament studies among the Protestants, and could also claim the support of many of the Reformers, he was regarded as a dangerous man, who sought to deny the divinity of the Scriptures, while his opponent was looked upon as a defender of orthodoxy, and won the formal verdict. In a minor controversy with Cappel on the Eucharist he wrote his Vindicim exercitationis Sancta Ca?na contra Cappellum (Basel, 1646) and his Anticritica contra Cappellum (1653). He likewise made a Latin translation of the Moreh Nebukim of Maimonides (Basel, 1629) and edited, with notes and a translation, the Liber Cosri, sive colloquium de religionc of Judah ha-Levi (1660).
3. Johannes Jakob Buxtorf: Orientalist; son of the preceding; b. at Basel Sept. 4, 1645; d. there Apr. 1, 1701. He was educated at the university of his native city, and succeeded his father as professor of Hebrew in Nov., 1664. In the following year