RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Calf Calixtus
Irtge zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte, pp. 198 sqq., Berlin, 1889; J. Robertson, Early Religion of Israel, chap, ix ' Edinburgh, 1892; F. W. Farrar, Was there a Golden Calf at Dan? in Expositor, viii. (1893) 254-265; S. Oettli, Der Kultus bei Amos und Hosea, in Greifswalder Studien, 1895, PP. 1-34; DB, i. 340-343; EB, i. 631-632. Consult also the works on O. T. Theology, especially that by H. Schultz, Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1892, and the works mentioned under Idolatry; Images and Image-worship.
CALIXTINES. See Huss, John, Hussites.
CALIXTUS, ca-lix'tus : The name of three popes and one antipope.
Calixtus (Callistus) I.: Pope 217-222. Through the discovery of the work of Hippolytus (q.v.) on heresies, a new aspect, differing in many particulars from the traditional one, has been assumed by the story of this early bishop. The old account ascribed to him the building of the church of Santa Maria in Trastevere. The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals (q.v.) contain two in which, among other things, regulations are laid down for the ember fasts. He was called a martyr, but the acts of his martyrdom are purely legendary, probably composed in the seventh century. The picture given by Hippolytus, though bitterly hostile, is at least clear and sharp in its outlines. According to it, Callistus was the slave of a Christian official named Carpophorus, who entrusted him with considerable sums of money, which he lost. Taking flight to avoid a reckoning, he was pursued by his master, and jumped into the sea to escape him, but was pulled out and condemned to the treadmill. Then he got into a quarrel with the Jews in Rome, and was beaten and sent to the mines of Sardinia, from which he was released by the influence of Marcia, the mistress of Commodus. It is impossible to determine how far Callistus was morally blameworthy in this chequered career — probably not as much as Hippolytus says. The events recited are said to have happened in the pontificate of Victor. The next bishop, Zephyrinus, brought Callistus back to Rome, probably already in orders, and gave him charge of the large cemetery which later bore his name. Under Zephyrinus he came into conflict with Hippolytus on the dogma of the Incarnation (see Monarchianism); and at the next vacancy a schism occurred, each party electing its own leader as bishop (see Hippolytus). Callistus seems to have been, like Zephyrinus, a Modalist; it was he who excommunicated Sabellius. The question of discipline also brought him into conflict with Hippolytus, according to whom he laid down the principle, unacceptable to the rigorists of the time, that all sins might be forgiven, and denied the necessity of deposing a bishop who should be guilty of deadly sin. Hippolytus accuses him of taking this position so as to increase the numbers of his own church; but it is undeniable that a clear-sighted man could hardly fail to see the defects and inconsistencies of the then existing church discipline, and Callistus was probably seeking to establish a more logical system. The Cutalogus Liberianus is authority for placing his death in 222. [The largest of the Roman catacombs is the Cemetery of St. Callistus; and De Rossi says it was the first common cemetery, given tc the pope by some noble family for the use of the
whole Christian community. Thirteen out of the next eighteen popes after Zephyrinus are said to have been buried there.] (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: The Epistoloi are in MPG, vol. x. An anonymous Translation, ed. Holder-Egger, is in MGH, Script., xv. (1887) 418-422. Consult: C. K. J. Bunsen] Hippolytus and his Age, 2 vols., London, 1852-56; J. J. I. von Dollinger, Hippolytus und Callistus, Regensburg, 1853; K. J. Neumann, Der rbmische Staat und die allgemeine Kirche, i. 312-313, Leipsic, 1890; T. E. Rolffs, Das Indulgenz-Edikt des Kallist, in TV, xi. (1894) 3; H. Ache-
lis, Hippolytstudicn, Leipsic, 1897; Harnack, Litteratur, i. 603-605; JafK, Regesta, i. 12-13, ii. 731; Milman, Latin Christianity, i. 75-79; Bower, Popes, i. 20-21.
Calixtus II. (Gui, or Wido, son of Count William of Burgundy): Pope 1119-24. He was made archbishop of Vienne in 1088, and under Paschal II. was legate in England, with little success. In the investiture controversy he was one of the leaders of the French opposition to the compromise of 1111 with Henry V. A synod called by him at Vienne in that year condemned lay investiture without reserve and excommunicated Henry, threatening the pope with renunciation of allegiance if he did not confirm its decrees. When he was elected pope by the cardinals assembled at Cluny (Feb. 2, 1119), Henry had reason to fear the accession of a second Hildebrand. He made conciliatory overtures to the new pontiff, offering to submit the controversy to a council called by Calixtus, and approved an agreement with the papal representatives by which, in return for the revocation of his excommunication, he surrendered his claims to the right of investiture. But the agreement proved impossible of execution, and soon, in a great council held at Reims (Oct. 29 and 30, 1119), Calixtus renewed his denial of the right and his excommunication of Henry and of Antipope Gregory VIII. Though the sentence remained ineffective in Germany, Calixtus strengthened his authority in France during his stay there, finding a firm ally in Louis the Fat. He went to Italy in the spring of 1120, and entered Rome in triumph, Gregory VIII. fleeing to Sutri, whose citizens delivered him up to his victorious rival in the following April. This strengthened Calixtus's position still more against the emperor; but the final decision of the contest was brought about by the intervention of the German princes, assembled at Wiirzburg in the autumn of 1121. They counseled Henry to acknowledge Calixtus and the canonically elected bishops, undertaking in return to arrange a peace with the Church, and proposing the convocation of a general council, in which they promised to defend the honor of the Empire. Calixtus appointed Lambert of Ostia and two other cardinals to conduct the negotiations, which began at Worms in Sept., 1122. Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz continued to urge the strict Hildebrandine position, and it was due to Lambert's work alone that the discussion, instead of being fruitless, led to the Concordat of Worms (see Concordats and Delimiting Bulls, I., § 1). This was solemnly confirmed by Calixtus in the First Lateran Council, opened on Mar. 18, 1123, which also renewed the canons against simony and clerical marriage, and proclaimed a " truce of God " and a new crusade. While the
Calixtus Call enter g: