RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Calixtus Callenberg
fekence of) in 1645, where, however, he found that the Lutherans would not work with him, since they felt justifiably that from his point of view the Reformation lost its essential importance: a religious indifferentism would be the obvious sequence, and it is certainly no accident that during the seventeenth century many princes and princesses left the Lutheran Church and joined the Eoman Catholic (John Frederick of Hanover, Christine of Sweden, the daughter of Gustavus Adolphus, and some others). On the other hand the orthodox, not altogether from combativeness, endeavored to maintain the religious content of the Reformation; this is their merit against all syncretism. Finally Calixtus made himself a name in scientific dogmatics by introducing the analytical method. After his death the syncretistic controversies continued till they lost their interest through the Pietistic movement. Among his numerous writings those of most interest are his academical orations Orationes selectee (Helmstadt, 1660); his influential exegetical writings, Expositiones and Lucubrationes on New and Old Testament books; and, of his irenic writings, the Judicium de controversiis theologicis quce inter Lutheranos et Reformats agitantur, et de mutua partium fraternitate atque tolerantia propter consensum in fundamentis (1650). His son and successor, Friedrich Ulrich Calixtus (b. 1622; d. 1701), tried to continue the work of his father, but met with no approval among the Lutherans. They rather tried to supplant syncretism in the Lutheran Church by a new orthodox confession, Consensus repetitus fidei vere Lutherance. But this confession, which would have turned the Church into an orthodox school, was nowhere officially accepted. The syncretistic controversy remained for a long time of such importance that no interest was felt in the Pietistic principles which soon sprang up. This can be understood only from the course of the syncretistic controversies. See Syncretism.
Paul Tschackert.
Bibliography: Account should be taken of Calixtus's Briefwechsel, ed. E. L. T. Henke, Halle, 1883, cf. issues of Jena, 1833, Marburg, 1840. Consult: W. Gass, G. Calixt und der Synkretismus, Breslau, 1846; E. L. T. Henke, G. Calixtus und seine Zeit, 2 vols., Halle, 1853- 1856; W. C. Dowding, German Theology during the Thirty years' War; Life and Correspondence of G. Calixtus, London, 18G3; H. Friedrich, Georg Calixtus, der Unionsmann des 17. Jahrhunderts, Anklam, 1891; ADB, iii. 696 sqq.
CALLAWAY, HENRY: Church of England, missionary bishop of St. John's, Kaffraria; b. at Lymington, Somerset, Jan. 17, 1817; d. at Ottery Saint Mary (12 m. e.n.e. of Exeter) Mar. 26, 1890. In early life he was a Quaker, and after teaching from 1835 to 1839, was successively a chemist's assistant and a surgeon's assistant. He then studied surgery and was licensed by the Royal College of Surgeons in 1842 and by the Apothecaries' Society two years later. In 1852, however, failing health obliged him to sell his lucrative practise and to spend a year in France. In the following year he graduated M.D. at King's College, Aberdeen, and determined to be a physician, but his interest m missions becoming active, he was ordered deacon
in 1854, having left the Society of Friends for the Church of England two years previously, and went as missionary to Africa. He was first stationed at Ekukanyeni near Pietermaritzburg, but on being priested in 1855 was made rector of St. Andrew's, Pietermaritzburg. Three years later he obtained a grant of land beyond the Umkomanzi River and settled at Insunguze, which he renamed Spring Vale. There he began his studies of Zulu religion and customs, but was recalled to England in 1873 to be consecrated first missionary bishop of St. John's, Kaffraria. In the following year he left England, and in 1876 removed the seat of the diocese to Umtata, where he founded St. John's Theological College in 1879. His fragile health, however, had already necessitated the consecration of Bransby Key as bishop-coadjutor in 1873, and in 1886 Callaway resigned his see and returned to England in the following year, settling at Ottery Saint Mary, where he spent the remainder of his life. He wrote: Immediate Revelation (London, 1841); Memoir of James Parnell (1846); Nursery Tales, Traditions, and Histories of the Zulus (Spring Vale, 1868); The Religious System of the Amazulu (Natal, 1868-70); and Missionary Sermons (London, 1875). He likewise translated the book of Psalms (Natal, 1871) and the Book of Common Prayer (1882) into Zulu.
Bibliography: M. S. Benham, Henry Callaway, M.D., D.D., first Bishop of Kaffraria; his Life-History and Work, London, 1896.
CALLEGARI, cal"Ie"ga'ri, GIUSEPPE: Cardinal priest; b. at Venice Nov. 4, 1841. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1864, and, after being successively a teacher and a parish priest, was consecrated bishop of Treviso in 1880, and two years later was translated to the see of Padua. He was created cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Cosmedin in 1903, and still retains his bishopric. He is likewise a member of the Congregations of Bishops and Regulars, the Council, Rites, and Studies.
CALLENBERG, cal'len-bera, JOHANN HEIN- RICH: German theologian; b. at Molschleben (a village of Gotha) Jan. 12, 1694; d. at Halle July 16, 1760. He was educated at Halle, where in 1727 he was appointed associate professor of philology, becoming full professor in 1735 and being transferred to the faculty of theo'ogy four years later. His deep interest in Protestant missions among the Jews and Mohammedans of the East led him, in 1728, to found the Institutum Judaicum for the education of missionaries. To this institution, which lasted until 1791 and was instrumental in the conversion of a large number of Jews, he later attached, at his own expense, a press for the promotion of the cause. Europe, as well as parts of Asia and Africa, was traversed by his pupils, for whom he printed Arabic translations of portions of the Old Testament, the whole of the New Testament, " The Imitation of Christ," and other works. His propaganda among the Mohammedans, however, met with little success. His independent works, which are of minor importance, include: Kurze A nleitung zur jiidisch-teutschen Sprache ( Hal le , 1733); Berichte von einem Versuchdas judische Volk
Calling: Calmet