THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Hearth and Home, New York (1870-71). From 1S76 to 1898 he was religious and political editor of The Independent, New York, but resigned in the latter year to accept the appointment of special commissioner of President McKinley to Porto Rico. In 1SS1 he was a delegate to the Ecumenical Methodist Conference in London, and in 1884 was organizing secretary of the Methodist Centennial Conference, of wdiich he edited the proceedings (New York. 1S85), while in 1890 he was special commissioner of the United States census for religious denominations. In 1900 he was elected corresponding secretary of the Methodist Missionary Society, and was reelected four years later. He is a member of the Methodist Historical Society, a manager of the Methodist Sunday School Union and of the American Sabbath Observance Society, and a trustee of the United Society of Christian Endeavor. In theology he is in thorough accord with the doctrinal position of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In addition to a number of minor contributions, he has written: Religious Forces of the United States (New York, 1893, 2d and enlarged ed., 1895).
CARROLL, JOHN : First Roman Catholic bishop
in the United States; b. at Upper Marlborough, Prince George's County, Md., Jan. 8, 1735; d. in Baltimore Dec. 3, 1815. He studied with the Jesuits at Bohemia, on the east shore of Maryland, an 1 at the College of St. Omer, France; joined the •It suits in 1753; was ordained priest in 1759; taught ,at St. Omer, Liege, and Bruges; traveled through Europe as tutor to the son of a Roman Catholic nobleman; returned to America in 1774 and Lecame missionary and priest of his native region with headquarters at his mother's residence at Rock Creek, not far from Washington. Like his kinsman Charles Carroll of Carrollton, he warmly supported the cause of the colonies in the Revolutionary war. When the Roman Catholic Church in the United States was organized as a distinct "body, free from the authority of the vicar apostolic of London, he was made prefect apostolic in 1784; in 1789 he was chosen bishop of Baltimore and consecrated in England in 1790; in 1808 he became archbishop. He founded Georgetown College in 1791.
Bibliography: John G. Shea gives Carroll's Life and Times in History of the Catholic Church in the U. &., vol. ii„ New York, 1888.
CARROLL, JOHN JOSEPH: American Roman Catholic; b. at Enniscrone, County Sligo, Ireland, June 24, 1856. He was educated at St. Michael's College, Toronto (B.A., 1876), and St. Joseph's Provincial Theological Seminary, Troy, N. Y., from which he was graduated in 1879. In the following year he was ordained priest, and was appointed assistant rector of the Cathedral of the Holy Name, Chicago, and since 1887 has been rector of St. Thomas Church in the same city. In LS98 he was elected chairman of Gaelic history in the Gaelic League of America and in 1902 was chosen national librarian of the same organization. He has written: Xotes and Observations on the Aryan Rr.ec and Tongue. (Chicago, 1900); Tale of the Wanderings of the Red Lance (1902); and Pre-
christian Occupation of Ireland by the Gaelic Aryans (2 vols., 1903-06).
CARSON, ALEXANDER: Irish Baptist; b. at Annahone, near Stewartstown (30 m. w. of Belfast), County Tyrone, Ireland, 1776; d. at Belfast Au<*. 24, 1844. He studied at Glasgow and was ordained a Presbyterian minister at Tobermore, near Colerame, County Londonderry, 1798. After a few years he left the Presbyterians and published as justification of his action Reasons for Separating from the General Synod of Ulster (Edinburgh, 1804); a portion of his congregation followed him, and for ten years he preached in barns or the open air. A stone church was built for him in 1814. In the early part of his independent career, while studying the New Testament in order to confute the Baptists, he became a Baptist himself, and thenceforth advocated their views with the exception of close communion. His Baptism in Its Mode and Subjects Considered (Edinburgh, 1831; enlarged ed., 1844) is a Baptist classic. His other writings were numerous and treat topics of Bible interpretation, philosophy, doctrinal and practical theology, and the like. He was a bitter controversialist. His collected works were published in six volumes at Dublin, 1847-64.
Bibliography: G. C. Moore, Life of Alexander Carson, New York, 1851; John Douglas, A Biographical Sketch of A. Carson, London, 1884; DNB, ix. 186.
CARSTARES, WILLIAM : Scotch clergyman and political leader; b. at Cathcart (5 m. w.n.w. of Glasgow) Feb. 11, 1649; d. in Edinburgh Dec. 28, 1715. He studied at Edinburgh (graduated 1667) and at Utrecht, whither he went because of the political troubles at home, in which his father was implicated. Toward the close of 1674 he was arrested in London, being suspected of having a hand in the distribution of a seditious pamphlet and of being the bearer of despatches to the disaffected in Scotland from their sympathizers in Holland; he was kept in confinement till Aug., 1679. When released he entered actively into the plots which were then rife, and appears at different times in Ireland, England, Scotland, and Holland. After the discovery of the Rye House plot (a scheme to assassinate Charles II.) in July, 1683, he was caught in Kent, and was sent to Edinburgh and examined under torture before the Scottish Council, but displayed " great discretion " in the disclosures which he made. In 1686 or 1687 he settled at Leyden, and thenceforth was seldom separated from William of Orange, whom he had known from his student days in Utrecht and who trusted him implicitly and often took his advice, especially on Scotch affairs. After William became king of England, he made Carstares chaplain for Scotland, and the latter rendered valuable services both to his country and his king, especially in reconciling the Scotch Presbyterians to the new regime. His personal influence at court ceased with the death of William, and thenceforth he resided in Edinburgh, where he was made principal of the university in 1703; he also became minister of the Gray Friars' Church, and distinguished himself in both capacities. He retained his position as royal chaplain under Anne, and at the accession of George I. was chosen by tiie