THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
cium literarum clarorum virorum e museo R. A. Noltenii, Bremen, 1737. See Calixtus. Consult : E. L. T. Henke, Calixtus' Briefwechsel, Halle, 1833; idem, G. Calixtus und seine Zeit, vol. i., Halle, 1856; ADB, iv. 40 sqq. F. Koldewey has projected a monograph on Caselius, for which he has access to the best sources.
CASPARI, cas'pa-ri, CARL PAUL: Norwegian Lutheran; b. at Dessau Feb. 8, 1814; d. at Christiania Apr. 11, 1S92. He was of Jewish parentage and was brought up in the faith of his fathers. From 1S34 to 1S3S he studied at Leipsic, where he acquired a knowledge of Arabic and Persian under Fleischer. Partly from the influence of fellow students, among whom was Franz Delitzsch, he adopted Christianity and was baptized in 1838. His Jewish training naturally fitted him for work in Old Testament exegesis, and he spent two years at Berlin under Hengstenberg. In 1842 he became doctor of philosophy at Leipsic, and in 1847 he accepted a call to Christiania, where he remained from choice the rest of his life, declining calls to Rostock in 1850, to Dorpat in 1856; and to Erlangen in 1S57 and again in 1867. His linguistic abHity enabled him speedily to master the Norwegian language, so that he could begin lectures in less than a year. He was made full professor in 1S57. In his university work Caspari interpreted various books of the Old and New Testaments and treated Old Testament introduction. His lectures were inspiring, thorough, earnest, and bore evidence of a living Christian faith. In his exegesis and apologetics he followed Hengstenberg, and he remained to the end an opponent of modern critical scholarship. But his work and interest were not confined to the Old Testament field. In 182.5 a Danish preacher, Nicolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig (q.v.), propounded peculiar views, viz., that the baptismal formula, the renunciation, the Lord's Prayer, and the words of the Lord's Supper come directly from the Lord, have never been changed, and therefore stand above the Scriptures. The view found adherents in Denmark and Norway, and fear was felt that the formal principle of the Lutheran Church was in danger. Caspari undertook a careful investigation of the questions connected with the baptismal formula and its history and thus was led on to extensive ecolesiasticopatristic studies. He published a long series of articles and books as the result, most of them in the Norwegian language. Under the auspices of the Norwegian Bible Society he assisted in making a new translation of the Old Testament, which was completed for the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Society, May 26, 1891; at the time of his death he was working on the New Testament (see Bible Versioxs, B, XV., § 2). He was a member of the central committee of the Bible Society, president of the Norwegian mission among the Jews, and belonged to numerous learned and honorary societies.
His most important publications were: A commentary on Obadiah (in Delitzsch and Caspari's Esegetisrhes Ilandbuch zu den Propheten des Allen Bundes, Leipsic, 1842); Grammatica Arabica (2 parts, Leipsic, 1844-48; 5th Germ, od., by August Muller, Halle, 1887; Eng. ed., by \V . Wright, London. 1859-62, 1874-75; by W Robertson Smith and M. J. de Ooeje, Cambridge, 1896-98); Bcitragc zur Eitileitu.no in das Buck Jcsaia und zur Geachichte der jesaianischen Zeit (vol.
ii. of Delitzsch and Caspari's Biblisch-theologische und apologetisch-kritische tStudien, Berlin, 1848); Ueber den syrischephraimitischen Kricg unter Jotham und Ahas (Christiania, 1849); Ueber Micha den Morasthiten und seine prophetische Schrift (2 parts, 1851-52); Ungedruckte, unbeachtete und wenig beachtete Que/len zur Geschichte des Taufsymbol* und der Glaubensregel (3 vols., 1866-75); Zur Einjuhrung *n das Buck Daniel (Leipsic, 1869); Alte und neve Quellen zur Geschichte des Taufsymbols und der Glaubensregel (Christiania, 1879); an edition of Martin of Bracara's De correctione rusticorum (1883); Kirchenhistorische Anecdota nebst neuen Ausgaben patristischer und kirchlich-inittelalterlicher Schriften (1883); Eine Augustin falschlich beigelegte Homilia de sacrilegiis (1886); Briefe, Abhandlungen und Predigten aus den zwei letzlen J ahrhunderten des kirchlichen Alterlhums und dem Anfang des Mittelalters (1891); Das BuchHiob in Hieronymus's Uebersetzung (Christiania, 1893). Der Glance an der Trinitat Gottes in der Kirche des ersten christlichen Jahrhunderts nachgewiesen (Leipsic, 1894). In Norwegian he published a translation of the Book of Concord (Christiania, 1861); an essay upon the Wandering Jew (1862); a commentary on the first six chapters of Isaiah (1867); a historical essay on the confession of faith at baptism (1871); on Abraham's trial and Jacob's wrestling with God (1871); on Abraham's call and meeting with Melchizedek (1872); a volume of Bible essays (1884); etc. With his friend G. C. Johnson (q.v.) he established in 1857 the Theologisk Tidskrift for den evangelisk-lutherske Kirke i Norge, of which a volume appeared annually till shortly before Caspari's death. Most of the articles were written by the editors, and in this and other periodicals a large number of Caspari's writings were originally published.
J. Belsheim.
CASPARI, WALTER: German theologian; b. at Sommerhausen (a village of Lower Franconia) June 19, 1847. He was educated at the universities of Munich, Erlangen, and Leipsic from 1864 to 1868, after which he was pastor in Memmingen and Ansbach until 1885. In the last-named year he was appointed associate professor of practical theology, pedagogics, and dogmatics, and university preacher at Erlangen, and became full professor two years later. In addition to contributions to the Hauck-Herzog RE and briefer studies, he has written: Ausgewdhlte Lesestiicke der auslandischen Literatur (Munich, 1877); Die epistolischen Perikopen nach der Auswahl von Dr. Thomasius exegetisch-homiletiseh erkldrt (Erlangen, 1883); Die evangelische Konfirmation (Leipsic, 1890); and Die geschichtliche Grundlage des gegenwartigen evangelischen Gemeindelebens (1894).
CAS-SAN'DER, GEORGIUS : Roman Catholic theologian; b. at Pitthem (15 m. s.e. of Bruges) Aug. 24, 1513; d. in Cologne Feb. 3, 1566. He lectured at Bruges and Ghent on antiquities, theology, and canon law, but retired to Cologne in 1549 and devoted himself to study. The Duke of Cloves employed him in an effort to win back the Anabaptists in Duisburg, and still more important was the charge of the Emperor Ferdinand L, who endeavored to unite the Catholics and Protestants in his territories. Cassander had already published anonymously an irenic writing, De officio pii ac public ce tranquillitatix rcre amantis viri in hoc rcligionis dis.sidio (Basel, 1561), which elicited a sharp rejoinder from Calvin. Strict Roman Catholics also disliked the work, and it was placed on the Lisbon Index in 1581. At the emperor's request Cassander prepared a Consultatio de articvlis inter Catholicox ct Protestantes controversis, which he presented to Maximilian II. in 1564, Ferdinand having died in the mean time (published at Lyons,