THE NEW SCHAFF-IIERZOG
from the world. The order likewise includes Carthusian nuns, who are said to have existed as earlj- as the twelfth century, although in the eighteenth only five nunneries were known, all dating from the thirteenth or fourteenth century. Over these convents Carthusian monks presided, who as vicars ranked above the prioresses and lived in separate houses with other professed and lay brothers. The nuns, who were first permitted to become professed by the Council of Trent in the sixteenth century, may eat together and converse more frequently than is allowed to the monks.
Although in scholarship the Carthusians can not rival the Benedictines, Dominicans, or Jesuits, they are not without their men of fame. From the pre-Reformation period mention may be made, in addition to the Guigo already noted, of such authors of the fourteenth and fifteenth 6. Scholar- centuries as Ludolf of Saxony, Henship, drikof Coesfeld, Gerhard of Schiedam, and Henry of Kalkar, as well as of Jacob of Jiiterbogk and Dionysius of Rickel. Noteworthy names of later date are the hagiographers Lorenz Surius and H. Murer, and such historians of the order as Petraeus, Le Vasseur, and Le Couteulx. In recent times, moreover, the order entered upon a revival of literary activity.
(0. ZoCKLERf.)
Bibliography: Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, i. 251-263; Le Vasseur, Ephemerides ordinis Carthusiensis, 2 vols., Montreuil, 1892 (a biography arranged by the calendar, goes only to July 31; the author died 1693); Helyot, Ordres monastiques, vii. 366-405; Magna Vita S. Hugonis, ed. J. F. Dimock for Rolls Series, no. 37, London, 1864; F. A. Lefebure, S. Bruno et I'ordre des Chartreux, 2 vols., Paris, 1883; idem, La Chartreuse deNotre- Dame-des-Pres a Neurille, Neuville, 1890; C. Reichenlechner, Der Karthduserorden in Deutschland, Wiirzburg, 1SS.5; C. le Couteulx, Annates ordinis Cartusiensis, 1084— 1429, 2 vols., Montreuil, 1887-88; C. Boutrais, The Monastery of the Grande Chartreuse, London, 1893; Vie de S. Bruno, Montreuil, 1898; H. Lobbel, Der Stifter des Karthauserordens, . Bruno aus Koln, Miinster, 1899;
Currier, Religious Orders, pp. 153-161. On the Eng. Carthusians consult: W. H. Brown, Charterhouse, Past and Present; a Brief History, London, 1876; W. D. Parish, List of Carthusian*, 1800-1870, ib. 1880; T. Mozley. Reminiscences of Towns, Villages, and Schools, i. 376- 436, ib. 1SS5; D. L. Hendriks, London Charterhouse, Its Monks and Martyrs, ib. 1889.
CARTWRIGHT, PETER: American Methodist; b. in Amherst County, Va., Sept. 1, 1785; d. near Pleasant Plains, Sangamon County, 111., Sept. 25, 1872. His parents removed to Kentucky while he was a child, and there he was " converted " in 1801; he was licensed as an exhorter in 1802, and spent eight years in the old Western conference, four in the Kentucky, eight in the Tennessee, and forty-eight in the Illinois. He is said to have received more than 10,000 members into the Church, baptized more than 12,000 persons, and preached more than 15,000 sermons. He was known as the " backwoods preacher," and it is reported that when moral suasion proved ineffective with the rough characters with whom he had to deal he was able and willing to quiet them by physical force. He was once a member of the Illinois legislature and was defeated for Congress by Abraham Lincoln in 1846.
Bibliography: He wrote several tracts, an Autobiography, ed. W. P. Strickland, New York, 1856, and Fifty Years a Presiding Elder, ed. W. S. Hooper, Cincinnati, 1872.
CARTWRIGHT, THOMAS.
Leader of the Puritan Party (§ 1).
Controversial Writings (§ 2).
Minister in Antwerp (§ 3).
Again in England (§ 4).
Attitude Toward the Brownists (§ 5).
Thomas Cartwright, English Puritan and Presbyterian, was born in Hertfordshire 1535; d. at Warwick Dec. 27, 1603. He was matriculated as a sizar of Claire Hall, Nov., 1547, and as a scholar at St. John's College, Cambridge, Nov. 5, 1550. Being a Protestant and refusing to return to the Roman Church, he was debarred from the university during Mary's reign (1553-59). In 1560 he became a minor fellow of Trinity College, and on Apr. 6 of the same year a fellow of St. John's College; in Apr., 1562, a major fellow of Trinity College. In 1567 he took his bachelor's degree, and in 1569 was chosen Lady Margaret professor of divinity, and began to lecture
on the Acts of the Apostles. His
i. Leader lectures were exceedingly popular,
of the Puri- and made a profound impression in
tan Party, favor of his distinctively Puritan
views, but created a storm of opposition from the Prelatical party, headed by Dr. Whitgift. This conflict, under these two great champions, continued to grow more and more severe, and was continued by their successors in two great parties in the Church of England — the Presbyterian and the Prelatical. The Puritan platform is well stated in the six propositions which Cartwright delivered under his own hand to the vice-chancellor, the grounds of his persecution by the Prelatists:
1. That the names and functions of archbishops and archdeacons ought to be abolished. 2. That the offices of the lawful ministers of the Church, viz., bishops and deacons, ought to be reduced to their apostolical institution: bishops to preach the word of God, and pray, and deacons to be employed in taking care of the poor. 3. That the government of the Church ought not to be entrusted to bishop's chancellors, or the officials of archdeacons; but every church ought to be governed by its own ministers and presbyters. 4. That ministers ought not to be at large, but every one should have the charge of a particular congregation. 5. That no man ought to solicit, or to stand as a candidate for the ministry. 6. That ministers ought not to be created by the sole authority of the bishop, but to be openly and fairly chosen by the people.
II aving been deprived of his professorship Dec. 11,
1570, and of his fellowship at Trinity College in Sept. .
1571, Cartwright went to the Continent, and in Geneva conferred with Beza and other chiefs of the Reformed Churches. He was prevailed upon
by his friends to return in Nov., 1572. 2. Contro- An Admonition to Parliament for the versial Reformation of Church Discipline had Writings, been issued by his friends John Field and Thomas Wilcox, for which they had been cast into prison. Cartwright espoused their cause, and issued The Second Admonition, with, an Humble Petition to Both Houses of Parliament for Relief Against Subscription, 1 572. Whitgift replied in An Answere to a Certen Lihcll, Intituled An Admonition to the Parliament, 1 572. Cartwright