THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
eocictics managed by the IMclhoilisI , the Baptist., antl tho Proti.j;laiit M|iisiopil ilcnoiiiinationH. The third methtwl is that ui' undenominational work. Tlie difforent tlenominations unite their forces, and put missionaries into the field, who are not supposed to teach the distinctive tenets of the denominations, but work directly and exclusively for the moral and spiritual regeneration of those to whom they are sent.
Taking the New York City Mission and Tract Society, as the largest and oldest of such oganizations, as a norm, the following may serve as an illustration of the methods of work. I. The New This society began over eighty years York City ago, and at first was purely volunteer
Mission, in its corps of visitors. The aim was to visit the churchless population, and in\ate them to the house of God, at the same time leaving at each dwelling some religious literature. In 1833 the first paid agent was employed, as the work had grown beyond the ability of the volunteers to accomplish all that was needed. At present there are between sixty and seventy paid workers, the majority of them being women, since women can do much work among the tenement house population that men can not accomplish. In 1866 the society was incorporated so as to be able to hold property.
As churches followed their members to more favored portions of the city, large sections were left without church accommodations, making it necessary for the visiting missionaries to establish tenement house prayer-meetings and Sundayschools. Some of those who were thus influenced for good asked to have the ordinances administered to them, which necessitated the erection of suitable structures for worship, and the carrying on of proper church activities. The first of these churches was built by the Gity Mission in 1867 in a crowded part of the city. Because of the cosmopolitan nature of the population, preaching and teaching is carried on in English, German, Italian, Yiddish, Arabic, Greek, Japanese, and in English among the Chinese. In New York City overcrowding has gone on to an extent unknown elsewhere in the world. Many a block measuring only seven hundred feet by two hundred contains a population of 2,500 people. In certain districts whole blocks are filled with Israelites, while in others only Italians are to be found, and in yet others only Bohemians or negroes — a condition which increases both the need and the difficulties of city mission work.
In course of time the New York City Mission found it necessary to employ regularly trained nurses for those who for various good reasons could not go to a hospital. Furthermore, as time passed and experience grew it was found that many other things besides the preaching of the Word and the instruction of Sunday-school scholars was called for. The result was the establishment of what are called in modem parlance " institutional churches," aiming to minister to the threefold nature of man — to his body, his mind, and his spirit. This necessitates kindergarten work, library and gymnasium facilities with appropriate attend-
ants, fresh-air work in the summer, and clubs of various kinds both lor boys ami girls.
Regularly ordained men administer the ordinances, and the women missionaries aid in the work of house-to-house visitation. Since trained workers can do the best work, the City Mission years ago established a regular training-school. A building was purchased and fitted up where those in training live together under the care of a superintendent. The course is one year, and includes lectures and practical work. The total cost for each student is only $125.00 a year.
At present the City Mission owns property to the amount of about $600,000 free of encumbrance. This includes three costly and well-equipped church buildings, a Christian workers' home where the women missionaries live, a training-school, and a sort of settlement house on the lower west side of the city, which has already in it an organized Italian Church. The annual expenditure is about $65,000 a year, which comes from purely voluntary sources. The doctrinal basis of the churches formed under the care of the society is the Apostles' Creed. The churches, of which there are two German, two Italian, and two English, govern themselves in all matters spiritual, though the directors of the City Mission hold the veto right over any action that the churches may take. This right has never been exercised. The property is held by the society, but the churches have the use of it without payment other than the usual offertory taken for actual expenses. This does not suffice for the defraying of all outlay by any means, and the City Mission pro^ddes the balance. Since its establishment the City Mission has received about $375,000 in legacies besides large gifts for the erection of its church edifices.
A. F. SCHAUFFLER. Bibliography: On I. consult: E. G. Lehmann, Die Stadtmission, Leipsic, 187.5; E. Kayser, Die evangelische Stadtmission, Gotha, 1890; E. Evers, Die Berliner Stadtmission, Berlin, 1902; T. Schiifer, Leitfaden der inneren Mission, Hamburg, 1903, and the periodical Fliegende Blatter aus dem Rauhen Hause, 1849-1907. On II. consult: S. L. Loomis, Modern Cities and the Religious Problems, New York, 1887; W. S. Ufford, Fresh Air Charity in the United States, ib. 1897; E. Judson, The Institutional Church, ib. 1899; J. Strong, Religious Movements for Social Betterment, ib. 1900; W. H. Tollman, The Better New York, ib. 1904. The best sources of information are afforded by the reports of the various societies, annual and in some cases monthly, e.g., of the New York City Mission and Tract Society, The Brooklyn City Mission and Tract Society, The City Mission Society of Boston, The Albany City Tract and Mission Society; also the Circulars of Information of the Armour Mission in Chicago. For London consult: J. M. Weylland, These Fifty Years. London, 1884 (deals with the London City Mission); C. Booth, Life and Labour, 14 vols., ib. 1903 (in three series; one of these deals with the religious forces working upon city problems).
CIUDAD, JUAN (JOHN OF GOD). See Charity, Brothers op.
CLAIRVAUX. See Bernard of Clairvaux;
Cistercians.
CLAP, THOMAS: Fifth president of Yale College; b. at Scituate, Mass., June 26, 1703; d. in New Haven Jan. 7, 1767. He was graduated at Harvard 1722; was minister of Windham, Conn., from 1725 till his induction as president of Yale,