THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
him as a contumacious vassal, pronounced null and void the measures which limitetl ecclesiastical freedom, and menaced him with excommunication. The duke, inspired hy his grandfather Louis XV., replied by arresting and then expelling all the Jesuits in his dominions. The Bourbon kings all protested against the brief and the use which it made of the bull In cana Domini, and insisted on its withdrawal and the suppression of the Society of Jesus. Clement was stubborn, and the sovereigns proceeded to use force, Louis XV- occupying Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin, and the king of Sicily taking possession of Benevento and Ponte Cor^o and preparing to go farther. Clement had called a secret consistory for Feb. 3, 1769, to discuss the situation; but in the preceding night he died of apoplexy, a natural result of such heavy cares in a man of his age. (A. Hauck.)
BIBI.IOGR.4.PHY: A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, III. ii. 658, Berlin, 1870; Ranke, Popes, ii. 443-448; Bower, Popes, iii. 347-359.
Clement XIV. (Lorenzo Ganganelh): Pope 1 769- 1774. He was the son of a physician, b. at Arcangelo, in the Papal States, Oct. 31, 1705; he entered the Franciscan Order, became a consultor of the Inquisition, and was made cardinal in 1759. He had been an advocate of reconciliation with the Bourbon courts, and it has been often asserted that he promised before his election to suppress the Jesuits. He was chosen only after a three months' conclave, marked by incessant intrigue. He disappointed those who looked for a speedy decision of the burning question by adopting a cautious and temporizing policy. He gave the Jesuits new privileges, and declared to Louis XV that he could neither censure nor suppress an institute confirmed by nineteen of his predecessors; but, on the other hand, he refused to see the general of the Order, and closed his eyes to the fact that laws which infringed on ecclesiastical prerogatives had been passed in Portugal, Naples, Venice, the electoral provinces of Bavaria and Mainz, and even in the Empire under Maria Theresa. The brief directed against Parma was recalled, and the bull In coena Domini (q.v.) no longer solemnly read. Conciliation, in fact, was offered to all the estranged powers : an understanding was reached with Portugal; and the nunciature at Lisbon was reestablished. But the ambassadors of France, Spain, and Naples insisted pertinaciously on the suppression of the Jesuits. France and Naples held ecclesiastical territory, as it were a pledge for the granting of their demands; there was talk in all three kingdoms of a formal renunciation of papal authority and the establishment of an independent patriarch. The pope now resolved to suppress the Order. It was important, however, that the step would content the Roman Catholic powers, and not rather give the signal for fresh attacks. Clement seems to have first assured himself cautiously of this. The devout JIaria Theresa was so attached to the Order that he had to use his authority to detach her from it. Then he took the first definite stops, as sovereign of the Papal States; on Oct. 17, 1772, the Jesuits were removed from the Collegio Romano and the Roman seminary on a pretext, and then
their houses in the Papal States were closed, generally after a visitation. The support previously given to the exiled Portuguese Jesuits was withdrawn. Finally, on July 21, 1773, Clement signed the brief Dominus ac Redeniptor noster, entirely suppressing the Order. It was signed only after it had been submitted to the Catholic powers, and not published until Aug. 16. In this document he gave as the ground for his action that the Order was no longer bringing forth the rich fruits for which it was designed, and cited other instances of the suppression of regular orders. He explained his long hesitation as due to the need of diligent investigation and mature deliberation. Not a word implied the abandonment of any claim made by the Church or its head; his censures of the Order were not based on the popular charges. The decree was at once put into execution in Rome. Several of the fathers who were proved to have concealed or misappropriated money, property, or documents belonging to the Order were imprisoned, and Ricci, the general, was put under strict surveillance. The news gave great satisfaction in many quarters; France and Naples restored the papal territories in Apr., 1774. Only in the non-papal countries of Prussia and Russia were the Jesuits allowed openly to continue their ministrations. Much obscurity hangs over the close of Clement's life. The assertions that he repented of his action and declared it had been wrung from him by force, and that he was poisoned by the Jesuits, have been often made and as often denied. He died Sept. 22, 1774, leaving in the Museum Pio-Clementinum a monument to his uncontested devotion to art and learning, though the most diverse views have been and will always be held as to his general character.
(A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Lettere, holle e discorsi di Ganganelli, Florence, 1845; dementis XIV. epistolce ac brevia, ed. a Theiner, Paris, 1852. Consult: A. von Reumont, Ganganelli, Papst Clement XIV., Berlin, 1847; J. Cr^tineau- Joly, Clement XIV. etles Jesuites, Varis, 1847; A. Theiner, GeschirMe des Pontificats Clemens' XIV.. 2 vols., Paris, 1853; G. X. D. Ravignan, Clement XIII. et CUment XIV., Paris, 1855; Bower, Popes, iii. 359-389; Ranke, Popes, ii. 449-451.
CLEMENT: A missionary bishop of the Celtic or old British Church in the Eastern parts of the Frankish domains who, like Adalbert (q.v.) in Neustria, stood in the way of the Romanizing innovations of Boniface in the first half of the eighth century (see Boniface, Saint). We know of him only from the accounts of his opponents, who stigmatize him as a " heretic, misleader of the people, disseminator of error, servant of the devil, and false priest." He was married and had two sons. Justifying himself by the Mosaic law, he rejected the canonical prohibition of marriage with the widow of a deceased brother. He had views of his own on predestination and election, and seems to have held to some sort of universalism. He disputed the authority of the Fathers, Augustine and Jerome, and did not acknowledge the supremacy of the pope. At the instigation of Boniface a Frankish synod in 745 condemned him to imprisonment; a Roman synod added the anathema of the Church. Nevertheless Clement held fast to the