RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Clement
Other important events of his reign are the diplomatic decision of the controversy between the Jesuits and the Dominicans on the question of grace, and the burning of Giordano Bruno (q.v.) for heresy in Rome (Feb. 17, 1600). He enlarged and defined the rules for the censorship of books, and revised the breviary by the bull Cum in ecclesia (1602); for his work in revising the Vulgate see Bible Veesions, A, II., 2, § 5.
(A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Bullarium Romanum, ix. 518, Turin, 1865; A. Degert, Le Cardinal d'Ossat, . sa vie, ses negociations h Rome, Paris, 1894; Ranke, Popes, ii. 39 sqq., iii. 272-274; Bower, Popes, iii. 326.
Clement IX. (Giuho Rospigliosi) : Pope 1667- 1669. He was born at Pistoia Jan. 28, 1600, made cardinal in 1657, and chosen pope June 20, 1667, as the candidate of the French party. In order to oppose a united Christendom to the Turks, he urged Louis XIV. to the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668). Acting in harmony with Louis, he attempted to reconcile the warring factions in the church of France by the Pax Clementina (see Jansbn, Cornelius, Jansenism), though a fresh outburst of strife was destined to follow his death on Dec. 9,1669. (A. Hauck.)
Biblioghaphy: Bullarium Romanum, xvii. 512, Turin, 1869; Bower, Popes, iii. 332; Ranke, Popes, ii. 330 sqq.; De Bildt, Christine de Suede et le conclave de Clement IX. (1669-1670), Paris, 1906.
Clement X. (Emilio Altieri): Pope 1670-76. After a five months' conclave, he was elected on Apr. 29, 1670, as a compromise candidate, because he was eighty years old. He left political questions mainly to Cardinal Paluzzi, who was adopted by him and took the name of Altieri. Paluzzi was to blame for the outbreak of the conflict with Louis XIV. over the droit de regale (see Regale). Another international question was stirred up by the unsuccessful attempt to withdraw the privilege of extraterritorial immunity from the foreign ambassadors in Rome. Clement died July 22, 1676.
(A. Hauck.) Bibliography: Bullarium Romanum, vol. xviii., Turin,
1869; Ranke, Popes, ii. 417 sqq., iii. 445-453; Bower,
■Popes, iii. 332.
Clement XI. (Giovanni Francesco Albani) : Pope 1700-21. He was born at Urbino, and was elected pope when comparatively young, only fifty-one, on Nov. 23, 1700. Though he had not been formally the French candidate, he maintained close relations with France. His learning and his political acumen are indisputable; but his foreign policy was unlucky. At the beginning of his reign, his protest against the assumption of the kingly title by Irederick I. of Prussia showed the traditional incapacity of the Curia to understand the circumstances of Protestant countries. In the war of the Spanish Succession, while maintaining an appearance of neutrality, he secretly favored the Bourbon side. As this came more and more to light, his relations with the emperor were increasingly strained— so far that he even threatened him with excommunication. The entry of imperial troops w-fK T ^^P^^ compelled him to make peace
Witt Joseph I. (Jan. 15, 1709), acknowledging v^Qarles HI. as king of Spain and promising to
invest him with the crown of Naples. This embittered Louis XIV. and Philip of Anjou against him. Another trouble was the conflict over ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Naples, which lasted even beyond the peace of Utrecht. In the controversy between the Dominicans and the Jesuits over the advisability of allowing the Chinese converts to retain certain pagan customs, he decided in favor of the former; the Jesuits apparently submitted, but the conflict continued. In the Jansenist controversy, on the other hand, he strongly supported the Jesuits (see Jansen, Cornelius, Jansenism; Quesnel). He achieved considerable results as a reformer of the internal administration of his states and of the Roman clergy, supported learning and art, and was a liberal benefactor of the poor. In 1713 he issued the famous bull Unigenitus against Jansenism. He died March 19, 1721.
(A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Epistolce et brevia selecta, 2 vols., Rome, 1724; BtiZfarittm flomareMm., vol. xxi., Turin, 1871; Ranke, Popes, ii. 428 sqq., iii. 463-466, 471-473; Bower, Popes, iii. 335-338. The bull U nigenitus is given in Reich, Documents, pp. 386-389.
Clement XIL (Lorenzo Corsini): Pope 1730-40. He was born April 7, 1652, and rose in life as a protege of the Albani family, taking Clement XI. for his model as pope, though without his gifts. He did not attempt to mingle in the wider politics of Europe, but made unsuccessful attempts to assert ancient feudal claims to Parma and Piacenza (1731) and to incorporate with the Papal States the small but ancient republic of San Marino (1739). The power of the Church was limited by Charles III. and his minister Tanucci in Naples, and by Philip V in Spain; and in France the literary and scientific opposition to the papacy grew more pronounced. His services to foreign missions were considerable, and his domestic policy creditably followed that of Clement XI. He died Feb. 6, 1740. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Bullarium Romanum, vols, xxiii., xxiv., Turin; Pastor, Popes, i. 360; Ranke, Popes, ii. 431; Bower, Popes, iii. 340.
Clement XIII. (Carlo Rezzonico): Pope 1758-69. He was born in Venice March 7, 1693, made cardinal in 1757, and on July 6 of the next year elected pope. It is impossible to decide whether he was a convinced friend of the Jesuits or simply their tool, either directly or indirectly through the influence of Cardinal Torrpggiani. Though the order had been suppressed in Portugal, France, Spain, Naples, and Sicily, he solemnly confirmed and approved it by the bull Apostolicum pascendi munus (Jan. 7, 1765), and in that beginning Animarum saluti declared under an interdict the countries which had expelled the Jesuits, allowing them alone to say mass and administer the sacraments there during it. The bull called out vehement opposition, and the popular outburst in favor of the society on which he had counted did not occur. Some of the cardinals implored him to moderate his support of it, but without effect. As a blow at the Bourbon courts, he took notice of some reforming measures adopted by the duke of Parma, an unimportant member of the family. A sharp and threatening brief (Aliud ad apostolatus, Jan. 30, 1768) was addressed to him; it rebuked
Clement
Clement of Alexandria