THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Testaments (Leipsic, 1900); and Predigt und bihlischer Text (Giessen, 1906).
CLEMENT: The name of fourteen popes and three autipopes.
Clement I. Sop Clement of Rome.
Clement II. (Suidger): Pope 1046-47 After the abdication of the simoniacal pope Gregory VI., Heiny III., the German king, then all-powerful in Rome, nominated Bishop Suidger of Bamberg in a synod held in St. Peter's, Dec. 24, 1046. He took the title of Clement II., and crowned Henry and his consort on the following day. In January he held a synod with Henry to condemn simony, though allowing those ordained by simoniacs to retain their clerical position. He died Oct. 9, 1047. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: The Epistolce et privilegia are in MPL, cxlii. ; Jaff^, Regesta, i. 525; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iv. 57-69, London, 1896; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, iii. 436, Bonn, 1892; Hauck, KD, iii. 589 sqq.; Bower, Popes, ii. 342; Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 237-238; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 378.
Clement III. Antipope 1080-1100. See Gui- BERT OF Ravenna.
Clement III. (Paolo Scolari): Pope 1187-91. A Roman by birth, he became cardinal bishop of Palestrina and was elected pope at Pisa Dec. 19, 1187. In the following February he was able to enter Rome, which his two predecessors had never visited, and by the end of May the differences between the papacy and the senate were composed. Continuing the policy of Gregory VIII., he also brought about peace with the empire, agreeing to crown the young Henry VI. and terminating the strife between papal and imperial claimants of the archbishopric of Treves, and demanding in return the restoration of the States of the Church to their extent under Lucius III. By these mutual concessions peace was restored in Apr., 1189. Clement's principal motive for this attitude was the condition of affairs in the East, where Saladin had defeated the Christian forces at Hattin on July 4 and .5, 1187, and Jerusalem had fallen on Oct. 2. This news had aroused a zeal in Christendom which exceeded even that of the first crusade. Clement used every means in his power to forward the undertaking. The maritime cities of Italy made great preparations; peace was restored between Venice and the king of Hungary, who claimed Dalmatia; the aged emperor Ferderick I. took the cross (.Mar., 1188); and the legate Henry of Albano prevailed upon the kings of England and France to lay aside their differences and support the crusade. The death of the emperor on June 10, 1190, was a heavy blow to Clement's hopes; and he did not live to see the end of the crusade. The conflict with the king of Scotland over the possession of the bishopric of St. Andrews, inherited from his predecessors, was terminated by him in 1188, not altogether in favor of the Roman See. The final settlement declared Scotland immediately subject to the pope, and freed it from the legatine authority which the archbishops of York liail claimed over it. Fresh difficulties arose in another quarter on the death of William II. of Sicily (Nov. 18, 1189). Clement claimed the rights of a suzerain over the
kingdom, and invested with it the illegitimata Tancred, whom a faction of the Norman barons had .set up as king. This brought on a new struggle with the Hohenstaufen dynasty, and Henry VI. was marching on Rome when Clement died. Mar. 13, 1191. (A. Hauck. )
Bibliography: Jaff^, Regesta, ii. 535; J. M. Watterich, Romanorum pontificum . . vitce, ii. 693, Leipsic, 1862; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iv. 617-62.5, London, 1896; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, iv. 575, Bonn, 1893; W. von Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, vol. vi., Brunswick, 1895; Hefel'-. Conciliengeschichte, v. 737 sqq.; Bower, Popes, ii. 520 531; Milman, Latin Christianity, iv. 446; Neander, Chri. tian Church, iv. 118-129.
Clement IV. (Guido Le Gros): Pope 126.5-68. He was born at St. Gilles on the Rhone, of a nobla Provengal family, studied law, and practised it with distinction at the court of Louis IX. On the death of his wife he took orders and received rapid promotion, becoming bishop of Puy in 1256 or 1257, archbishop of Narbonne in 1259, and cardinal in 1262. After a four months' interregnum, the French party among the cardinals elected him pope Feb. 5, 1265. In the distracted state of Italy he could only approach Rome with great precaution, reaching Perugia through the Ghibelline towns in the disguise of a mendicant friar. Here he held his court for some time, and after Apr., 1266, mostly at Viterbo. The principal question of his pontificate was that of Sicily, in which he followed the policy of Innocent IV. in opposition to the Hohenstaufen. On Feb. 26, 1265, he invested Charles of Anjou with the kingdom, in return for certain money payments and a promise to abolish the institutions of Frederick II. as far as they affected the Church. Clement, however, soon became dissatisfied with Charles's conduct, and was thinking of negotiating with Manfred when news came of the battle of Benevento and Manfred's death (Feb. 26, 1266). He rebuked Charles still more strongly for his bloodthirstiness and avarice, but was obliged by the difficulties of his position and the traditional policy of the Curia to maintain his alliance. When the young Conradin appeared in Italy, Clement excommunicated him after unheeded warnings, and remained undaunted even after Conradin's victory on the Arno, the brilliancy of which was soon obscured by the fatal defeat of Tagliacozzo. That he contributed to or approved of Conradin's execution is improbable. Charles of Anjou went on in his own way more high-handedly than ever, and Clement had every reason to fear that the Hohenstaufen would be the only ones to make war upon the Church when, just a month after the last of them, he died on Nov. 29, 1268, leaving the reputation of a just and noble-minded ruler. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: A. Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum, ii. 1542, Berlin, 1875; E. Jordan, Les Registres de Clement IV, Paris, 1893 sqq.; MOII. Epist. pont.. iii (1894), 627 sqq.; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iv. 359, London, 1896; Muratori, Scriptores, III. i. 594, ii. 421; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte. vi. 26 eqq.; Bower, Popes, iii. 9-15; Milman, Latin Chrislianily, vi. 87 117; Neander, Christian Church, iv. 289 et passim.
Clement V. (Bertrand de (UAh): Pope 1305-14. The son of a nobleman of Aquitaine, he was made