THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
confinement in an asylum and to cause several attempts at suicide. In 1828 he took up the course again, and the next year definitely began the construction of his Cours dc phil<MopMe positive (0 vols., 1830-42). Some minor educational appointments assured him a modest income, until in 1842, when he lost the post of examiner for admission to the Ecole Polytechnique, and with it the half of his revenue. Through the efforts of John Stuart Mill, some of his English admirers made up the deficiency for a time, and from 1848 Littre and other French friends did the same. After the completion of the Philosophie positive, he proceeded to applj- its principles to the reconstruction of society in the Sij^-tcmc de polith/ue positive (4 vols., 1851- 1 S54). He gave practical expression to his views by founding in 1848 the " Positive Society," and by gi\ing courses of free lectures, which were suppressed by the government in 1851. The Politique positive is much less coldly intellectual than his first great work, and is marked by an enthusiasm for the welfare of humanity which he exalted into a religion. The book, however, with certain small later works, the Catcchisme positiviste (1853), Appel aux conservateurs (1855), and Synthese subjective (1856), did not meet with the approval of a section of his followers, of whom Littre was the most important. In his later years Comte was less the founder of a philosophical system than the high priest of a new religion of humanity.
Bibliography: Among the many translations of Comte's works the following may be mentioned; The Philosophy of Mathematics, by W. M. Gillespie, New York, 1851; The Positive Philosophy, by Harriet Martineau, 4 vols., London, 18.53, 2 vols., 1875, repubhshed by Bohn, .3 vols., ib. 1896; The Catechism of Positive Religion, ib. 1858; A General View of Positivism, ib. 1865; System of Positive Polity, by J. H. Bridges, F. Harrison, and others, 4 vols., ib. 187.5-79; The Eight Circulars, by S. Lobb and others, ib. 1882; Religion of Humanity, by R. Congreve, ib. 1891. For discussion of the philosophy of Comte see Positivism and the literature there. For the life and work consult: his Correspondance incdite, 2 vols., Paris, 1903; J. S. Mill, Augusts Comte and Positivism, London, 1865, new ed., 18S2 (answered by M. P. E. Littr^, Auguste Comte et Stuart Mill, Paris, 1866, and J. H. Bridges, The Unity of Comte's Life and Doctrines, London, 1866); E, Caird, The Social Philosophy and Religion of Comte, Glasgow, 1885; H. Gruber, Auguste Comte . Leben und Lehre, Freiburg, 1889 (translated into Fr. and Ital.); J. F. E. Robinet, L'CEuvre et la vie d' Auguste Comte, Paris, 1891; G. Audeffrent, Auguste Comte . . sa vie et sa doctrine, ib. 1894; A. Schaefer, Die M oralphilosophie A. Comtes, Basel, 1906.
CONANT, THOMAS JEFFERSON: Baptist; b. at Brandon, Vt., Dec. 13, 1802; d. in Brooklyn Apr. 30, 1891. He was graduated at Middlebury College, \t., 1S23; was professor of languages at Waterville College (Colby University), Me., 1827- 1S33; profcs.sor of languages and Biblical literature Hamilton Theological Institution (Colgate Ilniversity), N. Y,, 1835-51, professor of Hebrew and Biblical exegesis Rochester Theological Seminary 1851-57. From 1857 to 1875 he was in the service of the American Biljle Union (see Bible Societies) and edited their revision of the New Testament (1871) and portions of the Old. He also
published The Meaning and Use of Baptizein philologically and historically investigated for the American Bible Union (New York, 1860), translated the eleventh edition of Gesenius's Hebrew Grammar (Boston, 1839), contributed a new version and philological notes to the volume on the Psalms in the Schaff-Lange commentary (New York, 1872), and with Lyman Abbott edited a Dictionary of Religious Knowledge (1875). He was a member of the American Old Testament Revision Company.
CONATY, THOMAS JAMES: Roman Catholic bishop of Monterey and Los Angeles; b. at KUnaleck (57 m. n.w. of Dublin), County Cavan, Ireland, Aug. 1, 1847. He studied at Montreal College (1863-67), College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Mass. (B.A., 1869), and Montreal Theological School (1872). He was assistant rector of St. John's Church, Worcester, Mass. (1873-80), and rector of the Church of the Sacred Heart in the same city (1880-97). On nomination of the Roman Catholic bishops of the United States he was appointed rector of the Catholic University of America, Washington, by Pope Leo XIII. in 1896. In 1897 he was designated domestic prelate to the pope with the title of Right Reverend Monsignor, and in 1901 he was appointed titular bishop of Samos. In 1903 he was consecrated bishop of Monterey and Los Angeles. He was founder and editor of the monthly Catholic School and Home Magazine 1892-96, and has written Bible Studies for Schools (New York, 1897).
CONCEPTION, THE IMMACULATE. See Immaculate Conception.
CONCEPTION OF OUR LADY, NUNS OF THE ORDER OF THE: A rehgious order founded by Beatrix de Silva, sister of James, first count of Poralego, Portugal, in 1484; confirmed by Innocent VIII. 1489; given the rule of St. Clare by Cardinal Ximenes, but by Julius II. given a separate rule in 1511.
CONCEPTUALISM. See Scholasticism.
CONCLAVE. See Pope, Papacy, and Papal System.
CONCOMITANCE: An expression originating with Alexander of Hales and made by Thomas Aquinas a regular part of scholastic theology, sanctioned later by the Council of Trent, to designate the doctrine that as the living Christ is received in the Eucharist, and thus his body ami blood can not be separated, both, together with his divinity, must inevitably be received under the species either of bread or of wine. It is in accordance with this doctrine that the Roman Catholic Church justifies the giving of communion in one kind, asserting that " the whole Christ " is thus received, though under the form of bread alone. See Transubstantiation.