CONCORD, BOOK OF; FORMULA OF. See
Formula of Concord.
RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Comte
Concordances
1. The First Concordances. II Hebrew Concordances.
■ 1524-1878 (§ 1). Mandelkern's Concordance (§ 2).
III. Greek Concordances, l! The Old Testament.
2. The New Testament.
IV. Latin Concordances.
The name concordance is applied to books listing the words of the Bible in alphabetical or other classified order. Every great book needs a table of contents. The lists for the Bible are called concordances, perhaps because of the unison of the one word that stands out in each reference, or perhaps because the chief reason in old times for comparing passages was the attempt to make them agree with each other. Verbal concordances are usually arranged according to the single words of the text and either add to each the simple chapter and verse where the word occurs, or give besides the words of the passage. Subject concordances or topical indexes aim rather at the matter than at the words, and often contain a brief explanation of the subject. In this article the verbal concordances are chiefly in view.
I. The First Concordances: The first concordance seems to have been in Latin and to have been made by the Burgundian Hugo of St. Cher (Hugo Carensis, d. 1263 or 1264), the first Dominican cardinal; it is fabled that he set five hundred Dominicans at work on it. He finished it about 1230 in the monastery of St. James at Paris, whence the name Concordantim S. Jacobi, also called Concordantice breves because without the wording of the passages. About the year 1250 three Englishmen in the same monastery, John of Darlington, Richard of Stavenesby, and Hugh of Croydon, added the full wording in the Concordantice S. Jacobi, Anglicanoe or Maximce, so named because of the complete passages. Arlot (Arlotto) of Prato, a Tuscan, in 1285 appointed minister general of the Franciscans, improved Hugo's concordance. Conrad of Deutschland or of Halberstadt (flourished about 1290), rewrought and abbreviated Hugo's book and added, according to Sixtus Senensis, the indeclinable words (on Hugo, Arlot, and Conrad cf. Sixtus Senensis, Bibliotheca sancta a Joanne
Hayo illustrata, pp. 249, 250, 201, 220, the last also falsely printed 201, Lyons, 1593). In connection with the Council of Basel in 1433, 1435-40, because of the discussions with the Bohemians about nisi, John vi. 54, and with the Greeks about ex and per, John Stoikowitz (also called John of Ragusa) is said to have been especially distressed at the lack of a concordance of the particles and directed his Scotch chaplain, Walter Jonas, to make one. Jonas began to prepare a volume with the particles arranged according to the books of the Bible, which he nearly finished in three years. Then two others took it up and completed it, and they probably introduced the alphabetical arrangement.^ John of Socubia or Segovia, archdeacon of Villaviciesa in the diocese of Oviedo, wrote the preface. Some ha\'e thought that the Concordantia: maxima; were so named not, as stated
CONCORDANCES.
Manuscripts (§ 1). 1470-1533 (§ 2). 1555-1685 (§ 3). 1751-1892 (§ 4). German Concordances. 1609-50 (§ 1).
Lanckisch's Concordance (§ 2). 1707-1893 (§ 3).
VI. English Concordances. VII. French Concordances. VIII, Dutch Concordances. IX. Danish Concordances. X. Swedish Concordances. XI. Syriac Concordances. XII. Topical Indexes.
above, because they gave the full passages instead of merely chapter and verse, but because they contained also the indeclinable words.
II. Hebrew Concordances: Rabbi Isaac Mordecai (on the name cf. Buxtorf's preface, leaf 4a) ben Nathan made a Hebrew concordance 1438- 1448: K'"K>JNmipJ'ip Nipjn I^NO. He ar-
ranged the roots alphabetically, save that the quadrilaterals stood at the end; derivatives stood under the roots. It was published by Daniel Bomberg Venice, 1524, in folio, and again in 1564 under the Doge Arnald Ferrer, superintended by Meir ben Jacob Franconi an. published by Lorenzo Bragadini, printed by Maggio Parentini. Ambrose Froben republished it in Basel, 1580, under the title: ty?n Ntpjn DTlD T'N'' "IQD £^'N"DJ^?^"l1pJ1p (in the editio prima of 1524 this was the second title, after the sheet with the preface, but closing with K*"), in fifty sheets beside the sheet in front (at least in the Leipsic copy); the columns often agree with the columns of 1524; at the end is Aaron Pesaro's list
of the passages explained in the I. 1524- Babylonian Talmud. Anton Reuch- 1878. lin, professor of Hebrew at Strasburg,
published an edition at Basel, 1556, in which Rabbi Nathan's explanation of the words was given in Latin, but badly; Johann Brenz wrote the preface; it appeared again, Basel, 1569. Solomon Mandelkern saw in the royal library at Munich the manuscript of a concordance that Elias Levita Bachur wrote in 1516-21: nunom 1DD. Another manuscript revised by Elias Levita and provided with a German translation is in the National Library at Paris (cf. Mandelkern's preface). Conrad Kircher of Augsburg, pastor at Donauworth, published a Hebrew concordance; unfortunately, because he had given the wording of the passages from the Greek text of the Septuagint he called the book incorrectly: Concordantice V Ti. Grcecce, Ebrceis vocibus respondentes, Tco?.vxpv<^roi , 2 vols. Frankfort, 1607 (4 leaves), 2,271, 2,310 cols. (1 leaf), 290 pp., quarto. The second volume gives the Greek words with references to the places in which they occur in the first volume and with the passages from the Apocrypha. Le Long mentions (p. 456) a manuscript summary from Kircher made by Arnold Bootius and called it Bibliotheca Segueriana pag. 37 and a manuscript Greek-Danish concordance to the Apocrypha by Frants Michael Vogel. Martin Troost treated the Chaldee sections by themselves: Concordantim Chaldaicce et SijriaccB ex Danielis et Esra capitibus Chaldaice scripiis, Wittenberg, 1617, quarto. Marius de Calasio, a Franciscan (d. 1620), made an edition published in Rome, 1621-22, by Michael Angelo of St. Romulus: Concordantiw sacrorum bibliorum Hebraicorum , published again,
Concordances