THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
theological doctrine he is abroad Evangelical, and in Biblical criticism he is a, moderate. In addition to briefer contributions, he has ^fritten: Landmarks of Church History (Edinburgh, 1894); Influence of the Scottish Church in Christendom (Baird lectures for 1895); and Life of John Knox (New York, 1905).
COWL: Primarily the hood with which the early monks, following a style of dress common among all classes in the Roman Empire, covered their heads. It increased in length after its wearing had been positively prescribed for Western monks by Benedict, until Benedict of Aniane ruled that it should be uniform in size and not reach below the knees. Thus the name came to apply not only to the hood but to the whole characteristic outer garment of a monk. The hood proper in more modern times was attached with the Franciscans and Capuchins to the habit, with the Brothers of Charity to the scapular, with canons to the cappa or mozetta ; the Augustinians and Servites retained it as a separate garment. At the present time the shape varies in different orders, and the color is that of the habit. It does not as a rule form part of the dress of orders founded since the -Middle Ages.
COWLES, HENRY: Commentator; b. in Norfolk, Conn., Apr. 24, 1803 ; d. at Janesville, Wis., Sept. 6, 1881. He was graduated at Yale 1826, studied in the Yale Divinity School 1826-28, and was from 1828 to 1835 a missionary on the Western Reserve in Ohio. From 1835 to 1848, he was professor, first of Greek and Latin, and then of ecclesiastical history and sacred literature in Oberlin College; from 1848 to 1863 he was editor of the Oberlin Evangelist. He published a commentary on the entire Bible (16 vols., New York, 1867-81), a Hebrew History (1873), and other works.
COWPER, WILLIAM: Poet and hymn- writer; b. at Great Berkhampstead (28 m. n.w. of London), Hertfordshire, Nov. 15, 1731; d. at East Dereham (15 m. w.n.w. of Norwich), Norfolk, Apr. 25, 1800. He studied law and was called to the bar in 1754, but took more interest in literature than in his profession. He was naturally inclined to morbid brooding, and suffered from an unhappy love-affair; in 1763 nervous dread of an examination for which he was preparing preliminary to entering upon a government position so wrought upon his mind that it was necessary to confine him in an asylum. After about eighteen months he was able to go free, but was subject to attacks of insanity ever afterward, and never fully recovered from the last in 1787. For thirty years he lived a retired life at Olney, Buckinghamshire, and at the neighboring village of Weston. He was tenderly cared for by his relatives and had kind friends who encouraged him to write to divert his mind; he became excessively pious and devout, was ever a prey to religious doubts and hallucinations, and often in deep depression. At Olney he was intimate with John Newton (q.v.),and helped him in his parish work as a sort of lay curate. Some of Cowper's poems are models of tender verse, and his letters have none superior in all literature. His hymns include the familiar and admirable
"God moves in a mysterious way," "There is a fountain filled with blood," and "O for a closer walk with God." He joined Newton in writing the Olney Hymns (1779; see Newton, John), and contributed sixty-eight to Newton's 280. Bibliography: The best edition of his Works with his life is by Robert Southey, 15 vols., London, 1836-37; reprinted in Bohn's Standard Library, 8 vols., ib. 1853-55; other lives are by J. Bruce, in " Aldine Edition " of his poems, 3 vols., Philadelphia, 1865; by W. Benham, in " Globe Edition " of his poems, New York, 1870; by Goldwin Smith, London, 1880; and by T. Wright, ib. 1892. Wright has also edited his Unpublished and Uncollected Poems, ib. 1900; and his Correspondence, 4 vols., ib. 1904; selections from his letters are by W. Benham, ib. 1884, and by W. T. Webb, ib. 1895.
COX, SAMUEL: English Baptist; b. in London Apr. 19, 1826; d. at Hastings Mar. 27, 1893. He was graduated at the Stepney Baptist Theological College, London, 1851, and was ordained pastor of St. Paul's Square Baptist Church, Southsea; became pastor at Hyde, Isle of Wight, 1855; resigned because of throat trouble 1859; was pastor of the General Baptist Church, Mansfield Road, Nottingham, 1863-88. He was president of the British General Baptist Association in 1873. He is best known in connection with the Expositor, which he founded in 1875 and edited till 1884; some of the volumes are almost entirely his work. According to his own statement, he wrote thirty independent books and edited twenty more, including The Quest of the Chief Good : Expository Lectures on the Book Ecclesiastes, with a New Translation (London, 1868; rewritten for the Expositor's Bible, 1890); The Private Letters of St. Paul and St. John (1867); Salvator Mundi ; or, is Christ the Saviour of all Men ? a defense of restorationism, the best known of his books (1877); Expository Essays and Discourses (1877); Commentary on the Book of Job (1880); The Larger Hope, a sequel to Salvator Mundi
(1883) ; Miracles, an Argument and a Challenge
(1884) ; Expositions (4 vols., 1885-88); and The Hebrew Twins, a Vindication of God's Ways with J acob and Esau (1894) with a Memoir by his wife.
COX, SAMUEL HANSON: Presbyterian; b. of Quaker parentage at Rah way, N. J., Aug. 25, 1793; d. in Bronxville, N. Y., Oct. 2, 1880. He was ordained in 1817, and was pastor at Mendham, N. J., till 1820, when he settled in New York as pastor, first of the Spring Street Church (1820-25) and then of the Laight Street Church (1825-35). He was professor of sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology in Auburn Theological Seminary 1836-37, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn 1837-54, was president of Ingham University 1856-63, and thenceforth lived in retirement in and near New York. He was one of the founders of the University of the City of New York and of Union Theological Seminary. He was a leader of the New School party in the disruption of 1837 and was moderator of the General Assembly in 1846. Many stories are told of his fondness for big words and peculiar expressions in public prayer. But he possessed much eloquence and learning.
COXE, ARTHUR CLEVELAND : Second bishop of western New York; b. at Mendham, N. J., May 10, 1818; d. at Clifton Springs, N. Y., July 20, 1896.