THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
prisons and he escaped. He went to Vienna, thence to England in 1560, and hack to his native land; was apjiointed colleague to Knox in Edinburgh in I'ldS, and, after the death of Knox (1572), succeeded to the leadership of the Scottish Church. At first he refused to proclaim the banns between Mary and Bothwell, but yielded later, protesting that " he abliorred and detested the marriage." After 1570 he was king's chaplain and was bold enough to rebuke the king to his face, but too conciliatoiy to suit the extreme party led by Melville. He compiled part of the " Second Book of Discipline," wrote the " King's Confession " (see Cove- NAXTERS, § 2) in 1580, and published A Short Sum of the Whole Catechism (Edinburgh, 1581; reprinted in facsimile with introduction by T. G. Law, 1883), and a shorter catechism, ^4 Form of Examination Before the Communion (1590). Both catechisms are reprinted in H. Bonar's Catechisms of the Scottish Reformation (London, 1866).
Bibliography: J. Knnx, Works, ed. D. Laing, ii. 456, Edinburgh, 1895; T. ilcCrie, Life of John Knox, ii. 53-57, ib. 1841; DNB, xii. 445-447.
2. Scotch mathematician; d. in London Oct. 11, 1731. He lived in Cambridge and London, and had decided mathematical talent; from 1708 he was prebendary of Salisbury. He is mentioned here for his curious Theologies Christiance principia mathematica (London, 1699; reprinted, with a learned preface, Leipsic, 1755), in which he endeavors " to calculate the duration of moral evidence, and the authority of historical facts." By applying the theory of probabilities he attempts to show that the proofs of the Christian religion steadily become weaker as the force of the testimony decays, and in the year 3144 Christianity will entirely disappear, " unless the second coming of Christ prevent "its extinction." He also calculated " the ratio of happiness promised in another world to that obtainable in this, and proved it to be infinite."
Bibliographt: DNB, xii. 448 (gives the sources).
CRAKANTHORPE, RICHARD: Puritan; b. at or near Strickland (25 m. s.s.e. of Carlisle), Westmoreland, 15(37; d. at Black Notley (35 m. n.e. of London), Essex, 1024 (buried Nov. 25). He became fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, 1598, went to Germany as chaplain to Lord Evers, ambassador extraordinary; became chaplain to tlie bishop of London and to the king; rector of Black Notley, and of Paglesham, Essex. His most noteworthy work was a Defensio ecclesice Anglicance (London, 1625; repubhshed in the Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology, Oxford, 1847), a reply to the Consilium reditus of Marco Antonio de Dominis (q.v.). Crakanthorpe's Latin and learning are commended, but his tone is described as " savage."
CRAMER, JOHANN ANDREAS: German theologian and hymnologist; b. at Johstadt (7 m. s.e. of Annaberg, Saxony) Jan. 27, 1723; d. at Kiel June 12, ]7s,S. He studied at Leipsic, and from 174S to 1750 was pastor at Crollwitz near Merseburg, where he began the publication of a translation of sermons ami minor writings of Chrysostom (10 vols., Leipsic, 174S-51). In 1750 he was ap-
pointed chief court preacher and councilor of the consistory at Qu(Mllinburg, and four years later, at the recommendation of Klopstock, Ijecame German court preacher at Copenhagen. There his sermons and his personality gained him a position of importance, and he influenced the spiritual life of Denmark by the Nordischer Aufseher, which he edited (3 vols., Copenhagen, 1758-70), and which contained, in addition to reviews of important literary works, studies on ethics and esthetics. From this time date two collections of sermons and an elucidation of the Epistle to the Hebrews (2 vols., Leipsic, 1757). In 1765 he was made professor of theology at the University of Copenhagen, but was dismissed and expelled from Denmark on account of his bold opposition to Struensee. After acting for three years as superintendent at Liibeck, where he prepared a rationalistic catechism, he accepted a call to Kiel in 1774 as professor of theology and vice-chancellor of the university. There he remained fourteen years, developing a versatile activity, especially in the interests of the young theologians, and also providing for the salaries of the instructors by the establishment of a Schulmeisterseminar. In the Church of Sleswick- Holstein Cramer exercised great influence through the hymnal edited by him (Altona, 1780), which remained in use until 1887. Throughout his life he composed religious poems, of which 444 have been enumerated, in addition to sixty-four revisions of older hymns, and thirteen religious songs. Especially noteworthy was his Poetische Uebersetzung der Psalmen mit Abhandlungen iiber dieselben (4 vols., Leipsic, 1755-64). Some of his hjonns are reminiscent of the swing of Klopstock, while others recall the measured movement of Gellert, but in too many cases quality was sacrificed to quantity.
Carl Bertheau.
Bibliography: K. H. Jordens, Lexikon deutscher Dichter, i. 328-347, v. 828 sqq., Leipsic, 1806-10; E. E. Koch, Geschichte des Kirchenlieds, vi. 334-344, Stuttgart, 1869; S. W. Duffield, English Hymns, p. 589, New York, 1886; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 267-268; ADB, iv. 550.
CRAMER, SAMUEL: Dutch Mennonite; b. at Middelburg, Holland, July 3, 1842. He was educated at the Athenaeum of Amsterdam and the universities of Heidelberg and Zurich, and after being a Mennonite pastor at Zijldijk (1866-70), Emden, Hanover (1870-72), Enschede (1872-85), and ZwoUe (1885-90), was appointed to his present position of professor of practical theology at the Mennonite theological seminary of Amsterdam. He is a member of the editorial board of Teyler's Theologisch Tijdschrift, an associate editor (with F. Pijper of Leydeii) of the Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlendica, and editor of the Doopsgezinde Bijdragen.
CRANE, LOUIS BURTON: Presbyterian; b. at Mt. Sterling, 111., Apr. 23, 1869. He studied at Princeton University (B.A., 1891), Princeton Theological Seminary, and Berlin, Erlangen, and Giessen. He was pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Princeton, N. J. (1S96-99), and Calvary Presbyterian Church, Buffalo, N. Y (1S99-1902). In 1902-05 he was professor of New Tostiiment literature and interpretation in Chicago Theological