THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
sixth and still more humiliating confession was signed on I\Iar. 18. When he saw that all availed nothing, and that his death was resolved on, he braced himself to a final effort, publicly recanted his recantations and heroically met his fate, dying by fire in Broad Street, Oxford, on the same spot where Ridley and Latimer had already suffered. He was a man of simple and amiable character, a learned theologian, as well as a great patron of learning in others. Though naturally of a shrinking, sensitive temperament and a somewhat slow and hesitating mind, when once he saw his duty he showed no lack of courage; and if at the last " he tried to concede that impossible change of belief which his inquisitors required, he redeemed his fall by a heroism in the hour of death to which history can find few parallels."
Bibliography: Cranmer's Remains were collected by H. Jenkyns, 4 vols., Oxford, 1833; his Works were edited by J. E. Cox, for the Parker Society, 2 vols., London, 1844- 1846; and his Letters in Letters of the Martyrs of the English Church, lb. 1883. Sources are: J. Strype, Memorials of Cranmer, 2 vols., Oxford, 1840 (contains appendix of documents); idem, Ecclesiastical Memorials, 3 vols., London, 1842; Narratives of the Days of the Reformation with Two Contemporary Biographies of Archbishop Cranmer, ed. J. G. Nichols for Camden Society, ib. 1859. There are Lives by H. J. Todd, London, 1831; C. W Le Bas, ib. 1833; W. F. Hook, in Lives of Archbishops of Canterbury, vols, v.-vii., 12 vols., ib. 1860-77; C. H. CoUette, ib. 1887; A. J. Mason, ib. 1898; A. F. Pollard, New York, 1904. Consult also: A. D. Innes, Cranmer and the Reformation in England, Edinburgh, 1900; DNB, xiii. 19-31.
CRANSTON, EARL : Methodist Episcopal bishop ; b. at Athens, O., June 27, 1840. He studied at Ohio University, Athens, O. (B.A., 1861), and served throughout the Civil War in the Ohio infantry and West Virginia cavalry, being promoted captain. He entered the Ohio Conference of the Methodist Episcopal ministry in 1867, and after holding various pastorates for fourteen years was elected publishing agent of his denomination in 1884. In 1896 he was elected bishop, and spent the years 1898-1900 in an official tour of inspection which covered China, Japan, and Korea. Since 1 903 he has had special charge of the Methodist Episcopal missions in Mexico. He was one of the founders of Denver University, and has been treasurer and a member of the examining board of the Freedmen''s Aid and Southern Education Society, as well as treasurer of the trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church (at large) and a trustee of Ohio University.
CRAPSEY, ALGERNON SIDNEY: Protestant Episcopalian; b. at Fairmount, O., June 28, 1847. He was graduated at St. Stephen's College, Annandale, N. Y (1869), and at the General Theological Seminary (1872). He was on the staff of Trinity Church, New York City, 1872-79; rector of St. Andrew's, Rochester, N. Y., 1879-1906, when he was convicted of violating his ordination vows in denying certain statements of the Apostles' fcreed, particularly the Virgin Birth. In theology he holds " to the theistic conception of the universe; one God who is all in all; Jesus the son of Joseph, the manifestation of God in the ethical sphere," while to him " the catholic creeds are the interpre-
tation of God to the Greco-Roman world," and " to love God and man is salvation." He has written: Five Sorrowful Mysteries (New York, 1883); Five Joyful Mysteries (1885); A Voice in the Wilderness (1897); Life and Labors of Sarah Wisner Thome (1900); and Religion and Politics (1905). CRATO OF CRAFFTHEIM. See Krafft,
JOHANN.
CRAVEN, ELIJAH RICHARDSON: Presbyterian; b. at Washington, D. C, Mar. 28, 1824; d. at Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 5, 1908. He studied at the College of New Jersey (B.A., 1842) and Princeton Theological Seminary (1848), meanwhile studying law (1842-44) and being tutor in mathematics at the College of New Jersey (1847- 1849). He was pastor of the Reformed (Dutch) Church at Somerville, N. J., 1850-54, and of the Third Presbyterian Church, Newark, N. J., 1854- 1887; secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath School Work 1887-1904, when he retired as secretary emeritus. He was chairman of the committee for the revision of the Book of Discipline of the Presbyterian Church 1879-82, and moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, North, in 1885. In theology he was an Old School Presbyterian. He edited the American edition of J. P. Lange's Commentary on the Book of Revelation (New York, 1874).
CRAWFORD, CLARENCE KERR: Presbyterian (Southern Church); b. at Perryville, Ky., Mar. 16, 1864. He studied at Centre College, Danville, Ky. (B.A., 1884), and Danville Theological Seminary (1889). He was tutor in Hebrew (1887-96) and professor of Old Testament exegesis (1897-1901) in the latter institution, and since its consolidation with the Louisville Theological Seminary in 1901 to form the Presbyterian Theological Seminary of Kentucky at Louisville he has been professor of Old Testament exegesis and hermeneutics in the new institution. In theological position he is a liberal conservative.
CREAGH, crgg, JOHN THOMAS : Roman CathoUc; b. at Wakefield, Mass., Mar. 7, 1870. He studied at Boston College (B.A., 1891), St. John's Seminary, Brighton, Mass., and the Seminario Romano, Rome (S.T.D., 1896; J.C.D., 1897), and in 1896 was appointed professor of canon law in the Catholic University of America, Washington. He has been lecturer on Religion at Trinity College, Washington, D. C, since 1902, and has written Remarriage After Divorce (New York, 1905).