Bibliography: The most convenient book for a study of comparative cosmology is P. D. C. de la Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte, 2 vols., Tubingen, 1905. Consult: H. Faye, Sur I'origine du monde. Theories cosmogoniques des anciens et des modernes, Paris, 1885; E. B. Tylor, Primitive Culture, Jjondon, 1903; F. Lukas, Grundbegriffe zu den Kosmogonien der alten VvV;er, Leipsic, 1893.
For special cosmogonies: A. V. W. Jackson, Iranische Religion, Strasburg, 1900; J. Darmesteter, Ormuzd et Ahriman, Paris, 1877; P. Jensen, Kosmologie der Babylonier, Strasburg, 1890; G. Maspi^ro, Dawn of Civilization, London, 1896; R. Pietschmann, Geschichte der Phiinicier, Berlin, 1889; G. St. Clair, Creation Records in Egypt, London, 1898; H. W. Wallis, Cosmology of the Rigveda, London, 1887; E. H. Meyer, Die Eddische Kosmogonie, Freiburg, 1891; J. Curtin, Creation Myths of
Creation and Preservation Crete in the Apostolic Agre
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Primitive America, Boston, 1898; D. G. Brinton, Myths of the New World, Philadelphia, 1896.
On the Genesis narrative and its relations to the Babylonian account the later commentaries should be consulted. One of the best single works is H. E. Ryle, Early Narratives of Genesis, London, 1S02. Consult; W. Baudissin, Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte, Leipsic, 1876-78; J. H. Oswald, Die Schopfungslehre, Paderborn, 1885; H. Gunkel, Schopfung und Chaos, Gottingen, 1895 (a remarkable book); L. T. Townsend, Evolution or Creation, Review of the Scientific and Scriptural Theories of Creation, New York, 1896; H. Radau, Creation Story of Gen. i., Chicago, 1902 (highly commended); Schrader, KAT.
For the classical philosophy of creation consult the works on history of philosophy by J. E. Erdman, 3 vols., London, 1893; W. Windelband, New York, 1901; P. Janet and G. S^ailles, History of the Problems of Philosophy, 2 vols., ib. 1903. For the Gnostic and Manichean cosmologies see works cited under Gnosticism and Mani-
CHEANS.
On late Jewish thought consult: A. Schmidl, Studien iiber jildische . Religionsphilosophie, Vienna, 1869; J. Guttmann, Die Scholastik des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts, Breslau, 1902.
The following treat the subject from the scientific or philosophic standpoint: J. W. Dawson, Origin of the World, London, 1886; C. Wolf, Les Hypotheses cosmogoniques, Paris, 1886; D. Nys, Le Probleme cosmologique, Louvain, 1888; C. Braun, Ueber Kosmogonie vom Standpunkt christlicher Wissenschaft, Munster, 1889; E. Mac- Lennan, Cosmical Evolution, ib. 1890; E. H. P. A. Haeckel, History of Creation, ib. 1892; idem. Creation or Development, ib. 1899; Riddle of the Universe, New York, 1900 (all of Haeckel 's works are evolutionistic); T. Mitchell, Cosmogony, ib. 1894; R. S. Foster, Creation, God in Time and Space, ib. 1895; J. Guibert, In the Beginning, London, 1900; J. M. E. McTaggart, Studies in Hegelian Cosmology, New York, 1901; F. Paulsen, Problem of Cosmology, ib. 1902.
From the theological standpoint: O. Zookler, Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen Theologie und Naiurwissenschaft, 2 vols., Gutersloh, 1877-79; W. H. Dallinger, The Creator and . Method of Creation, 'London, 1881; E. de Pressens^, Les Origines, Paris, 1883, Eng. transl., London, 1887; A. B. Bruce, Providential Order of the World, ib. 1897; A. Wagenmann, Das System der Welt, vol. i., Cannatatt, 1905; R. Schmid, Naturwissenschaftliches Glaubensbekenntnis eines Theologen, Stuttgart, 1906.
On the preservation of the world: J. McCosh, Method of Divine Government, London, 1870; R. A. Lipsius, Die gottliche Weltregierung, Frankfort, 1878; W. W. Smyth, The Government of God, London, 1882; A. A. Hodge, Relation of God to the World, in Presbyterian and Reformed Review, 1887, pp. 1-15; W Schmidt, Die gottliche Vorsehung und das Selbstleben der Well, Berlin, 1887; F. Bettex, Symbolik der Schopfung und ewige Natur, Bielefeld, 1898.
CREATIONISM. See Soul and Spirit.
CREDENCE TABLE: A small table or shelf at one side of the altar in Roman Catholic and Anglican churches, on which the bread and wine, and sometimes the sacred vessels, are placed at the beginning of the service.
CREDNER, KARL AUGUST: New Testament scholar; b. at Waltershausen (7 m. w.s.w. of Gotha), Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Jan. 10, 1797; d. at Giessen July 16, 1857. He studied at Jena (1817) and at Breslau (1817-21). Being rejected by the Halle missionary society for service in the East Indies owing to his reluctance to bind himself to a definite creed, he went to Gottingen and studied and taught privately there from 1821 till 1825. From 1825 to 1827 he was tutor at Hanover. In 1828 he became privat-docent, in 1830 extraordinary professor at Jena, and in 1832 ordinary professor of New Testament exegesis and church history in Giessen, where his chief literary work was done. He had rational-
istic tendencies, which became more marked as he grew older. Nevertheless, his labors as a Biblical critic, especially his investigations of the origin of the New Testament books and of the history of its canon, had value which is generally acknowledged, not only because of their richness of information, but also for the clearness and objectivity of presentation. His principal works were: Beitrdge zur Einleitung in die biblischen Schriften (2 vols., HaUe, 1832-38); Einleitung in das Neue Testament (1836), generally considered his chief work, although never finished; Zur Geschichte des Kanons (1847); Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons (ed. after his death G. Volkmar, Berlin, 1860).
(O. ZoCKLERt.) Bibliography: W Baldensperger, Karl August Kredner, sein Leben und seine Theologie, Leipsic, 1897 (address on the centenary of Credner's birth); ADB, iv. 575 sqq.