THE NEW SCHAFF-IIERZOG
xxvii. 12) is called by Ptolemy (III. xvii. 3) " Harbor of Phoenice "; he calls the island Klaudos (III. xvii. 11 ). The population of Crete contained a strong Semitic element. From I Mace. xv. 23 it is clear that Jews lived there (in Gortyna; cf. also Josephus, Ant., XVII. xii. 1; Wars, II. ciii.; Philo, Legal, ad Cajum, § 36, ii. 587, cd. Mangey). The "Cretans" mentioned Acts ii. 11 were Cretan Jews or proselytes. The bad reputation of the population of Crete is referred to in Titus i. 12, where is given (R. \.) the translation of the well-known hexameter, " Cretans are always liars, evil beasts, idle gluttons," said by Chrysostom to have been derived from Epimenides, the priestly seer and miracle-worker, one of the soA cn wise men. The Greek had a verb formed from the noun which meant " to lie and deceive "; "to Crete a Cretan " meant " to outwit a knave." (Johannes Weiss.)
Bibliography: Besides the commentaries on Acta, there may be consulted Sabatier, in Lichtenberger, E8R, iii. 474-475; DB, i. 195-520; EB, i. 955-956.
CRETONI, SERAFINO: Cardinal; b. at Soriano (7 m. e. of Viterbo), Italy, Sept. 4, 1833; d. at Rome Feb. 3, 1909. He was educated at Rome, became archivist of the Propaganda, secretary of the committee for Oriental affairs at the Vatican Council, and councilor at the Holy Office. In 1877 he was sent by Pius IX. to the general chapter of the Armenian Mekhitarists at Venice, but was recalled by Leo XIII. and appointed assistant secretary of state, 1879. In 1880 he returned to the Propaganda as secretary for Oriental affairs, and in LSSD became an assessor of the Holy Office. In ISOo he was consecrated titular archbishop of Damascus, and went as papal nuncio to Madrid, where he remained three years. In 1896 he was created cardinal priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, and in 1900 became prefect of the Congregation of Indidgences. After 1903 he was prefect of the Congregation of Rites. He was a member of the Congregations of Bishops and Regulars, the Councils, Supervision of Provincial Councils, the Propaganda, the Propaganda for the Oriental Rite, and Ceremonials, as well as of the Laurentian Congregation.
CRISP, TOBIAS: Antinomian; b. in London 1600; d. there Feb. 27, 1643. He took his first degree at Cambridge, then removed to Balliol College, Oxford (M.A., 1626; D.D., before 1642); in 1627 became rector of Brinkworth, Wiltshire; removed to Londcm in 1642 because of persecution from royalist soldiers. At first he was a rigid Arminian, but later went to the opposite extreme, and after going to London was fiercely attacked as an Antinomian by the ministers there. Anthony Wood says {Athenir, iii. 60, ed. P Bliss, London, 1817): "He was baited by fifty-two opponents in a grand dispute concerning the freeness of the grace of God, in Jesus Christ, to poor sinners. By which encounter, which was eagerly managed on his part, hs contracted a disease that brought him to his grave." His life is described as innocent and upright, " zealous and fer\ ( nt of all f.';ood." He made himself popular :it, Brinkwf)rtli by th(^ lavish hospitality which his prixato fortune (;nabl<Hi him to extend. His sermons were [)ul)lished after his death with tlic title Chriy.t Alone Exalted (4 vols.,
1643-83); they were collected by his son (London, 1690), and were republished by Dr. John Gill, with notes and brief memoir (2 vols., 1791).
CRISPIN AND CRISPINIAN, SAINTS : Two brothers of good Roman family, who, it is said, went to Gaul in the beginning of the reign of Diocletian to labor for the conversion of the pagans. They settled at Soissons, where they preached with much success by day and labored at night at their trade of shoemaking (whence they have become the patron saints of shoemakers), selling the shoes to the poor; according to a tradition they stole the leather that they might sell at a low price. They were put to death with cruel tortures by the governor in 287. Their day is Oct. 25.
Bibliography: ASB, Oct., xi. 495-540; F. Gorres, in JPT, xiii (1887), part 2.
CRITICI SACRI: A thesaurus of Bible antiquities and exegesis, undertaken as an appendage to Walton's Polyglot at the instigation and expense of Cornelius Bee, a London bookseller, and prepared under the direction of John Pearson, archdeacon of Surrey (afterward bishop of Chester); Anthony Scattergood, canon of Lincoln; Francis Gouldman, rector of South Ockendon, Essex; and Richard Pearson, fellow of King's College (brother of John). The full title is Critici sacri : sive doctissimorum virorum in SS. Biblia annotationes et tractatus (9 vols., London, 1660). The work combines the labors of many of the best English and Continental scholars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.* It was reprinted twice at Frankfort, and a new edition, augmented and provided with index, appeared at Amsterdam in nine volumes, 1698. The Thesaurus theologicophilologicus sive sylloge dissertationum elegantiorum ad selectiora et illustriora Veteris et Novi Testamenti loca, a theologis Protestantibus in Germania separatim diversis temporibus conscriptarum (2 vols., folio, 1701-02) and the Thesaurus novus theologico-philologicus (2 vols., 1732), both works edited by Theodor Hase and Conrad Iken, constitute a supplement. The Synopsis criticorum of Matthew Poole (q.v.) is an abridgment of the original work with additional matter. For contents of the Critici sacri consult James Darling, Cyclopwdia Bibliographica (London, 1854), 815-826.
CROALL LECTURES: A lectureship on a foundation created by a bequest of £5,000 by Mr. John Croall. The aim is to defend and maintain the doctrines of the Christian religion and " to increase the religious literature of Scotland." The lectures are delivered in alternate years in Edinburgh, the lecturer is by preference from one or other of the Presbyterian churches of Scotland,
* In a note from " Cornelius Bee to the reader " it is said: " If any one should be disposed to blame us either for the groat size of the work or because of its price, let him know that we have aimed both to benefit him and to save him inimey. For here about ninety books, in their entirety, arc brought together into nine, and fifty pounds more or less (ynii would find it h.ard to buy them all for less at the present time, if you could get them at all) are reduced to fifteen. So there is no good reason why any one should find fault with us; on the contrary, every one should feel much satisfaction."