CREEDS AND CONFESSIONS. See Symbolics.
CREIGHTON, crg'tun, MANDELL: Bishop of London; b. at Carlisle July 6, 1843; d. in London Jan. 14, 1901. He studied at Merton College, Oxford (B.A., 1867; M.A., 1870), and was feUow and tutor of his college, 1866-75, during which time he devoted himself to historical work and lectured chiefly on ecclesiastical, Italian, and Byzantine history. He was ordained deacon in 1870, priest in 1873. In 1875 he became vicar of Embleton, Northumberland, and in 1884 he went to Cambridge as Dixie professor of ecclesiastical history and fellow of Emmanuel. He was appointed bishop of Peterborough in 1891, and was transferred to London in 1897. He was select preacher at Oxford 1875-77, 1883, 1886-88, at Cambridge 1887; examining chaplain to the bishop of Newcastle, 1882- 1883, to the bishop of Worcester, 1886-90; was nominated canon of Worcester 1885, of Windsor 1890; honorary fellow of Merton, Oxford, 1889, of Emmanuel, Cambridge, 1891. At the time of his death he was member of the Privy Council, dean of Her Majesty's Chapels Royal, provincial dean of Canterbury, and a member of many official boards and learned societies in England and abroad. His transference to the episcopate deprived the study of church history of one of its best exponents, while it involved him in cares and anxieties which shortened his days. It is much to be regretted that his history of the papacy, which was intended to cover the entire period of the Reformation, only goes down to the sack of Rome in 1527.
Bishop Creighton was one of the greatest of modern English churchmen, an extraordinarily brilliant man, who distinguished himself in every sphere which he filled — as student at Oxford, as vicar of a country parish, as teacher at Cambridge, and as bishop. He was a man of affairs, a statesman, as well as a scholar. He was a good preacher and much in demand as speaker on social and official occasions. He represented Emmanuel College at the 250th anniversary of Harvard in 1886, and the English Church at the coronation of the Czar Nicholas II. at Moscow in 1896. As bishop of London he was confronted by serious difficulties owing to ritualistic controversies, and, although a High-churchman himself, he followed a conciliatory course, aiming to establish true liberalism. His
RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Creation and Preservation Crete in the Apostolic Age
rhief books were: A Primer of Roman History (London, 1875); The Age of Elizabeth, The Tudors and the Reformation, and Simon de Montfort (187b), The Shilling History of England (1879); A History of the Papacy during the Period of the Reformation, his chief work, but left incomplete (5 vols., 1882- 1894- 2d ed., A History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome, 6 vols., 1897); Cardinal Wolsey (1888); Carlisle (1889); Persecution and Tolerance, Hulsean lectures at Cambridge, 1893-94 (London, 1895); The Early Renaissance in England, Rede lecture at Cambridge, 1895 (Cambridge, 1895); The English National Character, Romanes lecture at Oxford, 1896 (London, 1896); Queen Elizabeth (1896; 2d ed., 1899); The Heritage of the Spirit and Other Sermons (1896); Church and State (1897); The Story of Some English Shires, papers on certain counties which he had visited on pedestrian and other tours (1897); Lessons from the Cross, Addresses Delivered in St. Paul's Cathedral during Holy Week 1898 (1898). He was one of the founders of The English Historical Review and its editor 1886-91. The following volumes appeared posthumously, edited by his wife: Church and Nation: Charges and Addresses (1901) ; Thoughts on Education: Speeches and Sermons (1902); Historical Essays and Reviews (1902); Historical Lectures and Addresses (1903); University and Other Sermons
(1903) ; The Mind of St. Peter and Other Sermons
(1904) ; Claims of the Common Life (1905); Counsel for the Young (1905).
Bibliography: Mandell Creighton, his Life and Letters, by his Wife, London, 1904; DNB, supplement vol., ii. 82-88.
CRELL, JOHANN. See Socmus, Faustus,