SOCINIANS, I., § 2.
CREMER, AUGUST HERMANN : German theologian; b. at Unna (30 m. s. of Munster) Oct. 18, 1834; d. at Greifswald Oct. 4, 1903. He studied at Halle and Tubingen, and in 1859 was appointed pastor at Ostonnen, near Soest, Westphalia. Eleven years later he became professor of systematic theology at Greifswald, and pastor of St. Mary's. Cremer was a prolific writer, his principal works being as follows: Die eschatologische Rede Jesu Christi, Matthai 2Jf.. 25 (Stuttgart, 1860); Veber den biblischen Begriff der Erbauung (Leipsic, 1863); Ueber die Wunder im Zusammenhang der guttlichen Offenbarung (1865); Biblisch-theologisches Worterbuch der neutestamentlichen Grdcitdt (Gotha, 1866-67; 9th ed., 1902; Eng. transl. by W. Urwick, Edinburgh, 1872); Vernunft, Gewissen und Offenbarung (Gotha, 1869; Eng. transl. by D. Heagle, Boston, 1871); Die Auferstehung der Todten (Barmen, 1870); Der Gott des Allen Bundes (1872); Ueber die Befahigung zum geistlichen Amte (1878); Die Bibel im Pfarrhaus und in der Gemeinde (1878); Ueber den Zustand nach dem Tode, nebst einigen Andeutungen iiber das Kindersterben und iiber den Spiritismus (Gtitersloh, 1883; Eng. transl. by S. T. Lowrie, Beyond the Grave, New York, 1885); Zum Kampf um das Apostolikuui
(7th ed., Berlin, 1893); Glaube, Schrift und hcilige Geschichte (Gutersloh, 1896); Die christliche Lehre wn den Eigenschaften Gottes (Gotha, 1899); Die III.— 20
paulinische Rechtfertigungslehre im Zusammenhang ihrer geschichtlichen V oraussetzungen (2d ed., Gtitersloh, 1900); Taufe, Wiedergeburt und Kindertaufe (1900); Weissagung und Wunder (1900); Bedeutung des Artikels von der Gottheit Christi fiir die Ethik (1901); Das Wesen des Christenthums (1901; Eng. transl. by B. Pick, Reply to Harnack, on the Essence of Christianity, New York, 1903); and Grundwahrheiten der christlichen Religion nach D. Seeberg (1903).
Bibliography: August Hermann Cremer, Gedenkbldtter, Giitersloh, 1904.
CRESPIN, cre"pah', JEAN: French Protestant; b. at Arras c. 1520; d. at Geneva 1572. He studied law at Louvain. In 1540 he was in Paris, where he worked with his friend F Baudouin under the celebrated advocate C. du Jloulin, and became himself advocate at the Parliament of Paris. He became interested in the doctrine of the Reformed Church and, upon his return to his native town, his relations with the Protestants caused him to be treated as a heretic. In 1545 he went to Strasburg, where he married. In 1548 he was able to reahze his dearest wish and live near his friend Calvin; with his family he settled in Geneva, where he established a printing-press. In 1555 he received citizenship. Like other printers and publishers of his time he also wrote books, viz.: Le Livre des Martyrs (Geneva, 1554); Recueil de plusieurs personnes qui ont constamment endure la mort pour le nom de N. S. J. C. depuis Jean Hus jusqu'a cette annee presente 1554 (1555); Indice et concordance des choses contenues a la Bible (1554); Le Marchand converti, tragedie nouvelle (1558); Histoire des vrays temoins de la vcriU de I'Evangile depuis J ean Hus jusqu'a present (1570). G. Bonet-Maury. Bibliography: E. and E. Haag, La France protestante, ed.
H. L. Bordier, vol. iv., Paris, 1884; Bibliographie des
martyrologes protestants Neerlandais, The Hague, 1890;
Lichtenberger, ESR, iii. 471-474.
CRETE IN THE APOSTOLIC AGE: Crete, once the flourishing " isle of the hundred cities," was entirely devastated in the last century before Christ by continual civil wars, and for the countries of the Mediterranean it became a continuous menace on account of the pirates who swarmed there. In the Cretan war (68-67 B.C.) the proconsul Quintus Metellus subdued the island. He also began its organization as a province, which organization was completed 66 B.C. by Pompey. In the year 27 B.C. after the death of Antony its administration was united by Octavian with that of Cyrene, and the name of the province varied between Creta- Cyrene or Crete and Cyrene (Dio Cass., Llll. xn. 4; Strabo, xvii. 3, 840). It belonged to the senate and was governed by a propretor with the title proconsul. Among the cities which in the time of the Romans were connected with the government seated in Crete were the famous Gortyna, Kydonia, and Knossos; the latter was a Roman colony. When Paul on his voyage as a prisoner (Acts xxvu. 7) had come to Crete his ship passed over against Salmone. Saihng along the southern coast one comes to Fair Havens, near the city of Matala. The city of Lasea can not be located. The haven of Phoenix which the sailors wished to reach (Acts
Cretonl Cromwell