RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Durand Durie
1850; C. Werner, Gerbert von Aurillac, pp. 171 sqq., Vienna, 1878; J. Schnitzer, Berengar von Tours, pp. 328 sqq., Stuttgart, 1892.
DURANDUS, GULIELMUS: French canonists. 1. Called " Speculator" after his chief work; b. at Puimisson, near Beziers, 1237; d. in Rome Nov. 1, 1296. Clement IV made him his auditor-general, subdeacon, and chaplain; Gregory X., his secretary at the council of Lyons (1274) ; Nicholas III. sent him into the Romagna and to Bologna to receive their homage in his name (1278) ; Martin IV. made him spiritual legate in the Romagna (1281), and in 1283 rector-general. In 1286 he became bishop of Mende, southern France. His chief book was the Speculum iudiciale [Rome, 1474; latest ed., Frankfort, 1668]. Another useful book was his Rationale divinorum officiorum, Augsburg, 1470 (Eng. transl. of the first book, The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments, London, 1906).
2. His nephew succeeded him as bishop of Mendes, Dec. 18, 1296; d. there 1331. His book, De modo celebrandi concilii et corrwptelis in ecclesia rejormandis (in Tractatus illustrium Juris consultorum, XIII., I. 159 sqq., Venice, 1584), made quite a sensation in the Middle Ages.
Bibliography: J. F. von Schulte, Geschichte der Quellen und Literatur des canonischen Rechts, ii. 155-156, Stuttgart, 1877; KL, iv. 45-46; and preface to the Eng. transl. of the Rationale, 1906.
DURBIN, JOHN PRICE: Methodist Episcopal clergyman; b. near Paris, Bourbon Co., Ky., Oct. 10, 1800; d. in New York Oct. 19, 1876. In 1818 he became an itinerant minister, and later studied at Miami University and Cincinnati College. In 1833 he edited the Christian Advocate and Journal, New York. From 1834 to 1845 he was president of Dickinson College, Penn., and from 1850 to 1872 was secretary of the Methodist Missionary Society. He was an eloquent minister and an excellent administrative officer. His principal works were Observations in Europe (2 vols., New York, 1844), and Observations in Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor (2 vols., 1845).
Bibliography: J. A. Roche, Life of John Price Durbin, New York, 1889.
DURHAM: A town of northern England (60 m. n.n.e. of York), the seat of an important bishopric of the Church of England. The ecclesiastical foundation there dates from the end of the tenth century, when the monks who were transporting the body of St. Cuthbert (q.v.) to protect it from Danish invaders chose this spot for a permanent abiding-place and built the first church. After the Norman Conquest Benedictine monks were placed in charge of the shrine, and William I. gave Walcher, the bishop, the temporal power of an Earl of Northumberland. Speaking of the palatine jurisdiction which the bishops of Durham enjoyed without limitation until the reign of Henry VIII., Freeman says that thus " the prelate of Durham became one, and the most important, of the only two English prelates whose worldly franchises invested them with some faint shadow of the sovereign powers enjoyed by the princely churchmen of the Empire." The other prelate referred to is the bishop of Ely (see Ely), who owed his power and influence
to the location of his see among the fens of East England, as the bishop of Durham owed his to the position of his castle and cathedral on the top of a lofty rock, — an almost impregnable natural fortress. Walcher's successor, William of St. Calais, began the construction of the present stately cathedral, the interior of which is regarded as the noblest piece of Norman architecture extant. In 1827 the supposed tomb of St. Cuthbert was opened and the skeleton found there was identified as actually that of the saint. The remains of the Venerable Bede also repose within the cathedral. Among other names associated with Durham is that of Richard de Bury (q.v.), the most learned man of his generation north of the Alps. Cardinal Wolsey lived here during his tenure of the archbishopric of York, and it was his quarrel with Henry VIII. that resulted in the palatinate beginning to lose its power. Among later bishops, the most distinguished names are those of Joseph Butler, author of the Analogy, and the last two, J. B. Lightfoot and B. F. Westcott. The bishops no longer live in the castle, which is now the seat of Durham University, founded in 1833, corresponding to the " Northern University " projected in Cromwell's time, but at Bishop's Thorpe. The bishopric was long one of the richest in England, but on the death of Bishop Van Mildert in 1836 the revenue was reduced to £8,000 (now £7,000) a year, the surplus being devoted to the augmentation of a fund for increasing the revenues of the poorer bishops. Although the last vestiges of the palatine authority disappeared at this time, the bishop of Durham still takes precedence immediately after the bishop of London.
Bibliography: J. L. Low, Durham, London, 1881 (in Diocesan History Series); idem, Historical Scenes in Durham Cathedral, ib. 1887; the works on the Cathedral of Durham by It. T. Talbot, London, 1893; J. T. Fowler. ib. 1898; and J. E. Bygate, ib. 1899. Consult also the publications of the Surtees Society, and Archatologia Mliana, Newcastle, 1856 sqq. (journal for the history of Durham).
DURIE (DURY), JOHN: A persistent Scotch advocate of Protestant union; b. in Edinburgh 1596; d. at Cassel Sept. 26, 1689. His father left Scotland because of his opposition to the policy of King James VI., and Durie, having completed his studies in Oxford, accepted the position of minister of the English settlers at Elbing just after Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden captured the city. There he became acquainted with Swedish Lutherans and was thus led in 1628 to a careful study of the differences between the Lutherans and the Reformed with a view to effecting a reconciliation between them. About that time Elbing was visited by the English ambassador, Sir Thomas Roe, who became interested in Durie's plan and introduced him to Chancellor Oxenstierna. In 1630 Roe sent Durie to England with an indorsement of his project to the moderates among the bishops. In Germany the Lutherans and the Reformed then seemed to be drawing closer together, for at the conference at Leipsic in 1631 (see Lbipsic, Colloquy of) both denominations were on remarkably friendly terms with each other. It seemed a favorable moment
Durie Duty