RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
G-urney Guthrie
expended 33,094,069.74 marks and supported 4,518 congregations of which 2,729 belonged to the German Empire, 1,203 to the Austrian Monarchy, and 586 to other European countries and countries outside of Europe. To this sum must be added 424,334.33 marks for personal support and contributions in kind. The Association has built 1,972 churches and houses of prayer, 882 schoolhouses, 768 parsonages and established 80 cemeteries. It has paid special attention to Evangelical instruction in the Diaspora, and has also cared for widows and orphans of ministers and teachers and contributed to the erection and maintenance of asylums and teachers' seminaries. The principal periodicals published in the interests of the association are the Darmstddter Bote (since 1843), Mdrkischer Bote, ThiXringer Bote, Rheinisch-westfdlisches Gustav-Adolf-Blatt, Oesterreichischer Protestant, Gustav- Adolj -Berichte aus Leiden, and others.
(K. ZlMMERMANN.) Bibliography: K. Zimmermann, Geschichte des Gustav- Adolf-Vereins, Darmstadt, 1877; W. Pressel, Bausteine zur Geschichte des Gustav-Adolf-Vereins, 2 vols., Freienwalde, 1878; Der Gustav-Adolf-Verein und das Volk Israel, Tubingen, 1879; W. Zschimmer, Eine Gustav-Adolf- Reise, Halle, 1888; K. Benrath, Geschichte des Hauptvereins der Gustav-Adolf-Stiftung, 1844-94, Konigsberg, 1894; F. Blanckmeister, Gustav-Adolf-Stunden, Leipsic, 1894; idem, Festschriften fur Gustav-Adolf-Vereine, ib. 1902 sqq.
GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. See Thirty Years' War.
GUSTAVUS VASA. See Sweden.
GUTHE, gu'te, HERMANN: German Protestant; b. at Westerlinde, a village of Brunswick, May 10, 1849. He was educated at the universities of Gottingen (1867-69) and Erlangen (1869- 1870; 1873), and after being a private tutor in Livonia from 1870 to 1873 was a lecturer at Gottingen from 1873 to 1877. In 1877 he became a privat-docent at Leipsic, and seven years later was appointed to his present position of associate professor of Old Testament exegesis. In 1881 and 1904 he was in Palestine, engaged in scientific excavation. His theological standpoint is one of ethical supernaturalism with entire freedom in historical research. He has edited the Zeitschrift des deutschen Palastina-Vereins from 1878 to 1896 and its Mitteilungen und Nachrichten since 1897, and has also written: De foederis notione Jeremiana (Leipsic, 1877); Ausgrabungen bei Jerusalem (1883); Paldstina in Bild und Wort (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1883-84; the German edition of Picturesque Palestine in collaboration with G. Ebers); Geschichte des Volkes Israel (Freiburg, 1899); The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah in The Polychrome Bible (New York, 1901); Jesaia (Tubingen, 1907); and Paldstina (Bielefeld, 1908). He likewise prepared a number of maps of Palestine and a Kurzes Bibelworterbuch with the assistance of other scholars (Tubingen, 1903).
GUTHLAC, guth'lac, SAINT: Presbyter and hermit of Crowland (40 m. s.s.e. of Lincoln, Lincolnshire) ;b. in Mercia c. 673; d. at Crowland Apr. 11, 714. He was the son of a wealthy Mercian nobleman and in his youth came under the influence of the martial spirit of the time. For nine years he led a band of
his fellow noblemen in a life of wild guerrilla warfare until his conversion in 697. He then became a tonsured monk in the monastery at Repton and in the next two years learned all the psalms, canticles, hymns, and prayers used in the choir service. In 699 he began his life as a hermit at Crowland, then a dreary island of the Welland, in the very heart of the fen. Here he spent the remainder of his life in religious devotion, subsisting on one meal a day, composed of barley bread and water, which he took after sunset. Like St. Anthony he was for years tormented by visions of demons, until he was rescued from them by his patron St. Bartholomew. His fame for piety spread far and wide, and pilgrims of all classes visited him. One of these was Hedda, bishop of Lichfield, who ordained him priest. He was buried in his oratory, and a year after his death his remains were placed in a shrine, which at once became an object of pilgrimage. In 716 Ethelbald, king of Mercia, reared over his relics the building which afterward grew into Crowland Abbey.
Bibliography: The Vita by Felix of Croyland, with other material, is in ASB, April, ii. 38-60; also in R. Gough, History and Antiquities of Croyland Abbey, pp. 131-153, London, 1783; is edited by W. de Gray Birch, Wisbeck, 1881, and an Eng. transl. with the Anglo-Saxon Version was edited by C. W. Goodwin, London, 1848. Consult: C. F. de T. Montalembert, Les Moines d' Occident, v. 118- 129, Paris, 1868; DNB, xxiii. 373-374.
GUTHRIE, THOMAS : Free Church of Scotland; b. at Brechin (60 m. n.n.e. of Edinburgh), Forfarshire, Scotland, July 12, 1803; d. at St. Leonards on the Sea (now a part of Hastings), Sussex, England, Feb. 23, 1873. He entered Edinburgh University in his thirteenth year; was
Life and licensed by Brechin Presbytery in
Ministry. 1825; and after two years of further study in Edinburgh and Paris, followed by two years as a bank agent in Brechin, became parish minister of Arbirlot, Forfarshire, in 1830. His Evangelical preaching, pastoral zeal, and strenuous opposition both to voluntaryism and to patronage attracted public notice, and led, in 1837, to his translation to the Collegiate Church of Old Greyfriars, Edinburgh. In 1840, the charge was divided, and a new church (St. John's) was built, of which Guthrie became minister, with the Cowgate as his territorial sphere.
Meanwhile the conflict between church and law courts over the Veto Act had culminated in 1838, when the Court of Session enjoined the Church to induct a qualified but unpopular presentee to Auchterarder. Guthrie would have preferred agitation for the abolition of patronage to a Veto Act of disputed legality; but he attached himself cordially to the non-intrusionists. In 1840 he preached in Strathbogie by instruction of the General Assembly, in defiance of the Court of Session. He itinerated in behalf of non-intrusion and " spiritual independence." His sagacity and tact helped to prevent division in the convocation of 1842.
After the Disruption, Guthrie became minister of Free St. John's, Edinburgh, erected fifty yards from his former church. For about twenty years he ministered to a large and influential congregation, and attracted crowds of strangers from all parts of
Guthrie Guyon