RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Gulick G-urnall
Francis Tresham, and Ambrose Rookwood, all men of wealth and prominence. A building adjoining the parliament house was rented in Percy's name, and in Dec, 1604, the conspirators began to excavate a passage from their cellar. After they had bored about half way through the wall, which was nine feet thick, they were able the following March to rent, also in Percy's name, a cellar immediately under the House of Lords. Here they stored thirty-six barrels of powder, covering them with stones and bars of iron, and concealing all beneath lumber and fagots of various kinds. By May, 1605, all was in readiness; but parliament was not to meet till Nov. 5. While he did not originate the plan, Fawkes was the leading conspirator in all these preparations, and on account of his coolness and courage he was entrusted with the important work of firing the powder on Nov. 5. Ten days before the plot was to have been consummated, Lord Monteagle, a Catholic and a friend of several of the conspirators, received an anonymous letter warning him not to attend the opening session of parliament. He at once showed the letter to Lord Salisbury, who communicated the matter to the king. On Nov. 4 the lord chamberlain, while going over the parliament house, noticed a suspicious abundance of fuel in the cellar occupied by Fawkes. That night the cellar was searched, the powder was discovered, and Fawkes was arrested just as he was returning from a midnight conference with Percy. Under severe torture Fawkes made a full confession on Nov. 9; and on Jan. 27, 1606, all the conspirators were condemned to be drawn, hanged, and quartered. Fawkes, with three others, ascended the scaffold on Jan. 31, 1606. Four fellow conspirators had been executed on the preceding day. What part, if any, the Jesuits took in the plot is still a mooted question, though it is pretty certain that Henry Garnett, the head of the order in England, had a guilty knowledge of it. He was executed on May 3, 1606. On Jan. 21, 1606, parliament set apart Nov. 5 as a day of national thanksgiving. This act was not repealed for two hundred years. It was long customary on this day to dress up in rags an effigy of Fawkes, parade it through the street, singing rimes, and finally burn the effigy at night. The discovery of the plot was disastrous to the cause of the Roman Catholics in England, as thereafter the laws against them were enforced more rigidly than ever.
Bibliography: D. Jardine, A Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot, London, 1857; J. Gerard, The Condition of Catholics under James I. Father Gerard's Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot. Ed., with his Life, by J. Morris, ib., 3d ed., 1881; DNB, ix. 283-284, xviii. 266-268, lxii. 218-219; S. R. Gardiner, What Gunpowder Plot Was, London, 1897; J. H. Overton, The Church in England, ii. 18, 26, 38, ib. 1897; W. H. Frere, The English Church . 1558-1625,
pp. 324-327, ib. 1904; and in general the histories of the period.
GUNSAULUS, FRANK WAKELEY: Congregationalist; b. at Chesterville, O., Jan. 1, 1856. He was educated at Ohio Wesleyan University (A.B., 1875) and after being a Methodist Episcopal minister for four years joined the Congregational denomination. He held pastorates at Eastwood Congregational Church, Columbus, O. (1879-81), Newtonville,
Mass. (1881-85), Memorial Congregational Church, Baltimore, Md. (1885-87), and Plymouth Church, Chicago (1887-89). After a few months as pastor at the Central Church in the same city in 1889, he was appointed to his present position of president of the Armour Institute of Technology. He has written Metamorphoses of a Creed (Chillicothe, O., 1879); Transfiguration of Christ (Boston, 1886); The Man of Galilee (1899); Paths to Power (1905); Higher Ministries of Recent English Poetry (1907); and Paths to the City of God (1907).
GURK, BISHOPRIC OF : An Austrian bishopric, named from the town of Gurk (49 m. n. of Laibach) in Carinthia, on the banks of a river of the same name. A convent for seventy nuns and twenty canons was founded on the river Gurk by Emma, wife of Count William of Styria, and consecrated probably in 1043. It soon decayed, however, and the idea of turning it into the seat of a bishopric was suggested by the great extent of the diocese of Salzburg, and carried out by Archbishop Gebhard (1060-88), who gained the assent of Pope Alexander II. in 1070 and of the emperor Henry IV. in 1072. In May of the latter year, Gunter of Chraphelt was consecrated bishop of Gurk. The boundaries of the small diocese were first settled by Archbishop Conrad (1106-47). Of the early bishops the most important were Hieronymus Balbus (1522-35?), the distinguished humanist, poet, and politician, and Urban "the Austrian" (1556-73). From the fifteenth century the incumbents of the see have had the title of prince bishop, but at first without a seat in the Council of Princes. Since 1827 they have resided not at Salzburg but at Klagenfurt, the capital of Carinthia.
GURNALL, WILLIAM: English clergyman; b. at Walpole (8 m. w. of Lynn), Norfolk, 1617; d. at Lavenham (16 m. w.n.w. of Ispwich), Suffolk, Oct. 12, 1679. He was educated at the Lynn grammar-school and at Emmanuel College, Cambridge (B.A., 1635; M.A., 1639). Nothing is known of his life after he left the university till the year 1644, when the living of Lavenham was conferred upon him by Sir Symonds D'Ewes. On Dec. 16 of that year parliament ordered that the " learned divine " should be " rector for life, and enjoy the rectory and tithes as other rectors before him." At the Restoration he signed the declaration required by the Act of Uniformity and continued at Lavenham till his death. For conforming he was severely attacked in a pamphlet, Covenant-Renouncers Desperate Apostates (London, 1665). He is known chiefly by his work, The Christian in Complete Armour: or a Treatise of the Saint's War against the Devil (3 vols., London, 1655-62; new ed., with a biographical introduction, by J. C. Ryle, 2 vols., 1864- 1865), a series of sermons on Eph. vi. 6-20, characterized by their quaint fancy, epigrammatic style, and astonishing application of Scripture. The work passed through six editions during the author's lifetime and still enjoys a measure of popularity.
Bibliography: Besides the biographical introduction to The Christian in Complete Armour, ut sup., there is available H. McKeon, Inquiry into the Life of William Gurnall, London, 1830.
G-urney Guthrie