RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Guilt Gulick
a " chewing " of Christ. In this connection he argues (3) that in every particle of the elements the whole Christ is partaken, and (4) that the special manner of the change which takes place in the Lord's Supper corresponds exactly to the special manner of generation in the birth of Christ, and is as difficult to be understood by the intellect as it is easy to be grasped by faith. In the second book he refutes (5) the objection of Berengar that the incorruptible body of the heavenly Christ is, according to the doctrine of the Church, considered subject to the process of digestion, and tries (6) to invalidate Berengar's proofs from the Fathers. In the third book he attempts (7) to prove from the Fathers that the doctrine of transubstantiation is in accordance with the doctrine of the Church, and (8) to confute three similar heterodox views on the Lord's Supper that had originated with Berengar. Besides his principal work, Guitmund wrote also on the Trinity — Confessio de sancta trinitate, Christi humanitate corporisque ac sanguinis Domini nostri veritate, and Epistola ad Erfastum of which only a fragment is preserved. (H. Bohmer.)
Bibliography: The editio princeps of his work on the Eucharist was published by Erasmus, Basel, 1530; that and the Confessio were issued by Ulimmier, Lowen, 1561 ; these two and the Epistola are in MPL, cxlix. His life is in Ordericus Vitalis, Hist, eccl., iv. 8. Consult: Histoire litteraire de la France, viii. 553-572; J. Bach, Dogmengtschichte des Mittelalters, i. 586-587, Vienna, 1873; R. Seeberg, Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte, ii. 60, Leipsie, 1898; Harnack, Dogma, vi. 52; KL, v. 1359-60; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, ix. 759-760, xiii. 131, 175, 516-525.
GUIZOT, gi"zo', FRANCOIS PIERRE GUIL- LAUME: French historian and statesman; b. at Nimes (32 m. w.s.w. of Avignon) Oct. 4, 1787; d. at Val-Richer, a former Augustinian monastery near Lisieux (35 m. e. of Caen), Sept. 12, 1874. He was descended from a family of Huguenot pastors. His father, an advocate of liberal views, having been guillotined during the Reign of Terror, he was taken by his mother to Geneva and educated there under her care. In 1805 he went to Paris to study law, but soon devoted himself to literature, and in 1812 became professor of history at the Sorbonne. He belonged to the school of doctrinaires, who sought to unite liberalism and conservatism and retain under a limited monarchy the liberties won by the Revolution. His lectures found an enthusiastic reception; but for this very reason they were soon prohibited. From 1830 to 1848 he devoted himself to politics and held various posts including that of minister of public instruction (1832-34), and that of premier (1840-48). He reformed the educational system of France from top to bottom, introducing particularly valuable improvements in the primary and secondary schools. During the revolution of 1848 the popular indignation against him was so great that he sought safety in England. After his political fall he lived mostly in retirement and took an increasing interest in religious affairs. In 1852 he became president of the consistory, in which capacity he fought the liberals tooth and nail. Whether in the consistory, or the cabinet, or the professor's chair, he showed always the same firm and unyielding disposition. He was the chief support of orthodoxy in the Reformed Church in V.— 7
France and was largely responsible for the division of the Church which occurred at and after the Synod of 1872. He believed strongly in the necessity for authority and had no patience with criticism, either of religion or politics. For him religion was above all, the sanction of order and authority. Hence his great admiration for the Roman Catholic Church.
Guizot was thoroughly unselfish and a man of unimpeachable integrity. Though he filled the highest political offices and as premier had the entire power of France in his hands, he died a poor man. It may be added that he took part in founding the Societe Biblique in 1826, and the Societe de l'Histoire du Protestantisme, 1857- A few of his most important works are: Histoire generate de la civilisation en Europe (Paris, 1828), and Histoire de la civilisation en France (5 vols., 1829-32), both translated into English by W Hazlitt under the title, The History of Civilisation (3 vols., London, 1856); Histoire de la Revolution d'Angleterre (2 vols., 1826-27, extended to 6 vols., 1850-56; Eng. transl., 2 vols., Oxford, 1838; also transl. by W. Hazlitt, London, 1856); Vie, correspondance et ecrits de Washington (6 vols., 1839-40, Eng. transl., London, 1840) ; Memoires pour servir a I'histoire de mon temps (8 vols., 1858-67; Eng. transl. in part, Memoirs to Illustrate the History of My Time, 4 vols., London, 1858-61); L'Eglise et la societe chretienne (1861; Eng. transl., The Christian Church and Society in 1861, London, 1861); Meditations sur I'essence de la religion chretienne (1864; Eng. transl., Meditations on the Essence of Christianity, London, 1864), subsequently supplemented; Les Vies de quartre grands Chretiens francais (vol. i., 1868; Eng. transl., Saint Louis and Calvin, London, 1869); and L'Histoire de France racontee a
vies petits-enfants (7 vols., 1870-79; Eng. transl., History of France to the Year 1789, 8 vols.,
London, 1872-81). Other works of his have appeared under English titles, and illustrate the range of his activities, e.g.: Memoirs of George Monk, Duke of Albemarle (London, 1838); Democracy and its Mission (1848); On the Causes and Success of the English Revolution of 16Jfl-1688 (1850) ; Essay on the Hist, of the Origin of Representative Government (1852); The Fine Arts, their Nature and Relations (1853); Hist, of England (3 vols., 1877-79). His Life of Oliver Cromwell (1854 and often) is an extract from his " History of the English Revolution." (C. Pfender.) Bibliography: Henriette de Witt, Guizot dans sa famille et avec ses amis, Paris, 1880, Eng. transl., Guizot in Private Life, London, 1880 (by his daughter); D. Clarke, The Life and Writings of M. Guizot, Boston, 1875; J. F. Simon, Thiers, Guizot, Remusat, Paris, 1885; C. A. Sainte- Beuve, Essays on Men and Women, London, 1890; A. Bardoux, Guizot, Paris, 1894.
GULICK, gG'lik, JOHN THOMAS: Congregationalist; b. at Waimea, Kauai, Hawaii, March 13, 1832. He was educated at Williams College (A.B., 1859) and Union Theological Seminary (1861). He then went as a missionary to China under the auspices of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and was stationed at Peking in 1864-65 and Kalgan in 1865-75. From 1875 to 1899 he was a missionary in Japan, being stationed at Kob6
Gullet Gurnall