THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
in 1S75-S2 and Osaka in 1882-99, but in 1899 he returned to the United States and retired from active life. He has written Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal (Washington, 1905).
GULICK, LUTHER HALSEY: Congregationalist and missionary; b. in Hawaii, of missionary parents, June 10, 1S28; d. in Springfield, Mass., Apr. 8, 1891. He was educated in Hawaii, and in medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City, and in 1851 went as missionary of the American Board to Micronesia. There he labored successfully till 1860, when his health compelled him to retire. He went to Hawaii, and from 1S63 till 1S70 he was secretary of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association. He was then employed by the American Board to visit Spain and Italy with a view of establishing missions there, and was also under consideration as one of the secretaries of the Board; but from 1875 till 1890 was the agent of the American Bible Society, first of its work in both Japan and China, and after 1881 for China only; later Siam was added. Ill health compelled him to return to the United States in 1890, and he shortly thereafter resigned.
GUNDULF, gun'dulf: 1. Heretical teacher of the first half of the eleventh century. About 1025 a number of heretics were arrested in Arras and committed to a synod convened in the city for final sentence. The defendants named as their teacher an Italian called Gundulf, who had escaped pursuit. It would appear that he had acquainted them with the precepts of the Gospels and the apostles, beside which no other source of faith was to be regarded. They rejected the church doctrine of the sacraments, and opposed zealously all liturgical developments, the veneration of saints (except the martyrs and apostles), and prayers for the dead. Ecclesiastical hierarchy was supplanted among them by sectarian preachers called from the laity, while the ecclesiastical means of grace were superseded by individual " election " to the state of justification. Their moral ideal consisted in forsaking the world, mortifying the flesh, subsisting by the labor of their hands, and showing love to all; the married estate appeared to them sinful. On declaring themselves ready to recant, the accused were allowed to make reconciliation with the Church. Undoubtedly Gundulf and his adherents may be classed with the Cathari, who were then spreading from northern Italy into the districts beyond the Alps.
Herman Haupt. Bibliography: L. d'Ac.hery, Spicilegium, i. 606 qq., Paris, 1723 (contains the Acts of the Synod of Arras and the letters of Bishop Gerhard of Cambrai); Mansi, Concilia, xix. 423 sqq.; P. Fredericq, Corpus documentorum inquisilionis Neerlandicce, i. 1-5, The Hague, 1889. Consult also: C. Schmidt, Hist, el doctrine de la secte des Cathares, i. 35 sqq., Paris, 1849; J. J. I. von Dollinger, Beilrage zur Sektengeschichte des Mittelalters, i. 65 sqq., Munich, 1890.
2. Bishop of Rochester; b. near Rouen, France, c. 1024; d. at Rochester Mar. 7, 1108. He received his education at Rouen, became a clerk of the cathedral there, and in 1059, on his return from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, became a monk in the monastery at Bee. Here he met Anselm of Canterbury
in 1060, with whom he formed a lifelong friendship. Lanfranc, the prior at Bee, became greatly attached to him, took him to Caen in 1066, and on his appointment to the archbishopric of Canterbury, in 1070, he made Gundulf his proctor and placed him in charge of the estates of the archbishopric. Through Lanfranc's influence Gundulf was appointed bishop of Rochester, being consecrated in Christ Church, Canterbury, Mar. 19, 1077. Gundulf, who was a famous architect, at once rebuilt the church at Rochester and made his chapter monastic, substituting for the five canons sixty monks. He also built the White Tower in the Tower of London, a castle at Rochester for William Rufus, a nunnery at Mailing, and the so-called St. Leonard's tower at West Mailing. In 1078 he founded a hospital for lepers at Chatham. He was well liked by William Rufus, and by Henry I. Bibliography: The Vita by a contemporary is in H. Wharton, Anglia sacra, ii. 273-292, cf. i. 336 sqq., London 1691, and MPL, clix. 813-836. Consult: T. Wright] Biographia Britannica literaria, ii. 41-43, London, 1846; T. D. Hardy, Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, p. 103, no. 156, in Rolls Series, ib. 1862-71; Histoire litterair'e de la France, ix. 369; W R. W. Stephens, The English Church . . 1066-1272, pp. 25,35, 104, 275, London, 1901- DNB, xxiii. 339-341.
GUNKEL, gun'kl, JOHANN FRIEDRICH HER- MANN: German Protestant; b. at Springe (14 m. s.w. of Hanover) May 23, 1862. He was educated at the universities of Gottingen, Giessen, and Leipsic, and in 1889-94 was privat-docent at Halle. Since the latter year he has been associate professor of Old Testament exegesis at the University of Berlin. In addition to editing the Forschungen zur Religion und Liter atur des Alten und Neuen Testaments in collaboration with W. Bousset since 1903, he has written Wirkung des ' heiligen Geistes (Gottingen, 1888); Schopfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit (1895); Der Prophet Esra (Tubingen, 1900); Genesis ubersetzt und erkldrt (Gottingen, 1900); Die Sagen der Genesis (1901; Eng. transl. by W H. Carruth, The Legends of Genesis, Chicago, 1901); Israel und Babylonien (Gottingen, 1903; Eng.transl. by E. S.B., Israel and Babylon; The Influence of Babylon on the Religion of Israel) ; Zum religionsgeschichtlichen Verstdndnis des Neuen Testaments (1903); Ausgewdhlte Psalmen (1904); and Literaturgeschichte Israels und des alten Judentums (Leipsic, 1906).
GUNPOWDER PLOT: A conspiracy on the part of certain Roman Catholics in England to destroy the king, lords, and commons by blowing up the parliament house at the opening of parliament on Nov. 5, 1605, and thus overthrow the government in the interest of Roman Catholicism. The conspiracy grew out of the resentment felt toward James I. for his rigid enforcement of the old penal laws of Elizabeth against Roman Catholics. In order to facilitate his accession to the English throne he had promised a number of prominent Roman Catholics that fines against recusants would no longer be exacted. Spanish diplomacy having been tried upon James in vain, the Gunpowder Plot was hatched by Robert Catesby, John Wright, and Thomas Winter early in 1604. Thomas Percy and Guy Fawkes were soon sworn into the plot, and later several others, including Everard Digby,