THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
are from the beginning partakers of eternal life [but cf. v. 2S-29]. Death and resurrection are only phases of that life. I Pet. iii. 19 makes mention of the "prison" in which the dead were found at Christ's death.
Christianity did not so much modify the Jewish ideas of death and the abode of the dead as give to them a new foundation. The real victory of life over death was won when Jesus rose from the dead.
(G. Dalman.)
Bibliography: B. Stade, Ueber die alttestamentlichen Vorstellungen vom Zustande nach dem Tode, Leipsic, 1877; idem, Biblische Theologie des A. T., pp. 183 sqq., Tubingen, 1905; T. Burnet, Concerning the State of Departed Souls, 2 vols., London, 173S; J. R. Oertel, Hades, Leipsic, 1863; F. W. Farrar, Eternal Hope, London, 1878; idem, Mercy and Judgment, ib. 1882; E. White, Life in Christ, ib. 1878; H. Oort, in ThT, xv. (1881), 350 sqq.; J. A. Beet, The Last Things, London, 1905; F. Schwally, Das Leben nach dem Tode, Giessen, 1892; J. Frey, Tod, Seelenglaube und Seelenkult im alien Israel, Leipsic, 1898; R. H. Charles, Critical Hist, of the Doctrine of a Future Life, London, 1899; A. Bertholet, Die israelitischen Vorstellungen vom Zustande nach dem Tode, Freiburg, 1899; DB, ii. 274-276, 343-346; EB, ii. 1338-41, iv. 4453-54; JE, xi. 282-283; DCG, i. 527-528, 536-538; the lexicons under the words Hades, Sheol; the treatises on Biblical theology; and the literature under Descent op Christ into Hell; Eschatology; and Gehenna.
HADORAM: ha-do'ram. The name of several persons mentioned in the Old Testament.
1 . One of the sons of Joktan mentioned in Gen. x. 27 (Septuagint Odorra, Lucian Odorram) and I Chron. i. 21 (Septuagint Kedouran, Lucian Adoram). The entire context points to an Arabian environment, and the name is to be taken as the name of an eponymous progenitor of an Arabian tribe. It is to be remembered that the Arabs claim Joktan (Kahtan) as their progenitor (see Table of Nations). The name Hadoram has been found on a Sabean inscription (CIS, IV. i. 1) in the form Hdrwm. Miiller and Glaser refer to Dauram in Yemen as possibly from the same origin.
2. Sons of Toi (Tou),king of Hamath, mentioned in I Chron. xviii. 10. as sent by his father to congratulate David upon his conquest of Hadarezer, a common foe. The parallel account in II Sam. viii. 10 gives Joram instead of Hadoram — a name of the same formation but substituting the abbreviated form of Yahweh for Hado (the shorter form of Addu in the Amarna Tablets). The form in Chronicles is regarded as probably the original (cf. Septuagint leddouran, and S. R. Driver, Hebrew Text of Samuel, pp. 217, 267 "a Hamathite name").
3. The name given by II Chron. to the officer of tribute sent by Rehoboam to collect taxes from the people, by whom he was stoned to death. The parallel passage in I Kings xii. 8 gives the name as Adoram; possibly the text in both should be Adoniram. Geo. W Gilmoke.
Bibliography: 1. E. Glaser, Skizze der Geschichte und Geographic Arabiens, ii. 426-427, 435, Berlin, 1890; D. H. M tiller, Die Burgen und Schlosser Sildarabiens, i. 360-361, Vienna, 1879. On 2.-3: H. V. Hilprecht, Babylonian Expedition, ix. 27, 48, Philadelphia, 1898; A. H. Sayce, Early Hist, of the Hebrews, p. 423, London, 1898.
HADRACH, had'rac: A place name occurring in Zecb. ix. 1. The word (Hebr. Hadrak) occurs nowhere else in Scripture, unless Cheyne's plausible
conjecture (EB, ii. 1933) be correct that it is to be found in the harfcrek ("the way") of Ezek. xlvii. 15. The place was almost lost to knowledge until the Assyrian inscriptions were discovered and read. A saying is preserved in the Yalkut Shimoni on Zech. ix. 1 by a rabbi Jose to the effect that his mother, a Damascene, recognized Hadrach as the name of a place near Damascus; and David ben- Abraham, a Jewish lexicographer of the tenth century, also locates it there. In the Assyrian inscriptions the name, written Hatarika, occurs several times in connection with the western campaigns of Assur-Dan III. in 772, 765, and 755 b.c, and is mentioned as tributary to Assyria in the inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser dealing with the western campaign of the year 738 b.c. (see Assyria, VI., 3, §§ 8-9). The Assyrian mention is always in connection with the region in which Damascus, Arpad, and Hamath are situated. The early interpretations, making it the name of a king or a deity, a symbolical term "strong- weak," a name of Ccelesyria or of the Hauran, or as referring to a Chatracharta in Assyria mentioned by Ptolemy and Strabo (cf. W. Baudissin in Hauck-Herzog, RE, viii. 300-301), are by the cuneiform inscriptions rendered obsolete, and Hadrach may be identified with a city or region not far from Damascus.
Geo. W. Gilmore.
Bibliography: Consult, besides the commentaries on Zechariah, Schrader, KAT, p. 33; F. Delitzsch, Genesis, p. 536, Leipsic, 1872; F. Delitzsch, Wo lag das Parodies? p 279, ib. 1881; H. Winckler, Alttestamentliche Untersuchungen, pp. 126-134, ib. 1892.
HADRIAN (Popes). See Adrian.