HATTEM, PONTIAAN VAN, HATTEMISTS: A
Dutch sect and their founder. The latter was born at Bergen-op-Zoom (15 m. n. of Antwerp) Jan. 16, 1641; d. there Sept., 1706. He studied theology in Leyden, and in 1667 was licensed to preach in the Reformed Church He spent some time abroad, and in Nov., 1670, was in Oxford. In 1672 he
RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hatch Hauck
became preacher of St. Philipsland in Zealand. He esteemed a pious and holy life more highly than purity of doctrine, and in 1680 reports of his heterodoxy were circulated. He was tried for heresy, and in 1683 was deposed from his office, charged with deviating from the orthodox doctrine in his views of the essence and punishment of sin, of redemption and justification, faith, conversion, gratitude, and prayer. Banished from St. Philipsland, he settled in Bergen-op-Zoom, and worked there quietly under the protection of the civil authorities. He held conventicles, and the circle of his followers gradually expanded and included some of the respected citizens of the town. He preached his new gospel even in Amsterdam and The Hague, and influenced larger circles by an extended correspondence. Among his adherents, however, there soon arose divergent views and deviations from the doctrines of Hattem, and by 1760 the Hattemists had disappeared.
Hattem has been frequently considered a disciple of Spinoza, but unjustly. He was no philosopher, but intent primarily upon the advancement of practical piety. He preached a passive Christianity. Man must not seek his salvation, because in that case he seeks himself; he must acknowledge with a grateful heart that Christ has sought and found him. But he can not believe this unless God grants him faith, and it shows the greatest ingratitude not to recognize the love of God by which he has given himself to man. Only the regenerated has been purified of this ingratitude and is able to love God and his fellow man. With regeneration there originates a clear perception of divine truth. The regenerate, in virtue of his faith, is assured of his salvation and therefore need not deplore any longer his sinful condition, for he is one with God and his Son, so that by faith he sees himself " in the Son of God." He is not more inclined toward evil, but fulfils the will of God spontaneously. This is not the result of struggle and effort, but an outcome of the work of the Holy Spirit within the heart. Thus God becomes everything and man nothing.
(S. D. van Veen.)
Bibliography: The most important of Hattem's works, ed. J. Roggeveen, appeared vol. i.. The Hague, 1718, vols, ii.-iii., Amsterdam, 1719, vol. iv., n.p., 1727. On Hattem consult: W. C. van Manen, in Be Gids, iii (1885), 357-429, iv (1886), 85-115; idem, in Archief voor Nederlandsche Kerkgeschiedenis, i. 273-348. On the Hattemists consult: T. Hasaeus, Be nupere Schoristarum in Belgio secta eiusque auctoribus relatio, in Museum hist.-phil. theolog. Bremense, ii. 144-172; J. Borsius, in Nederlandsch Archief voor kerkelijke Geschiedenis, i (1841), 287-362; J. van Leeuwen, in the same, viii (1848), 57-169; A. W Wybrands, in Archief voor Nederlandsche Kerkgeschiedenis, i. 51-128; KL, v. 1527; J. L. von Mosheim, Institutes of Ecclesiastical History, ed. W. Stubbs, iii. 390, London, 1863.
HATTO OF MAINZ: Archbishop of Mainz; b., probably in Swabia, about the middle of the ninth century; d. May 15, 913, although the place of his death is unknown. He was educated either at Ellwangen or Fulda, and in 889 was elected abbot of Reichenau. In the following year he became abbot of Ellwangen, and two years later, while still retaining these and other benefices, he was consecrated archbishop of Mainz at the desire of King Arnulf, to whom he had rendered important serv-
ices. He twice accompanied Arnulf to Italy (894, 896), and on the latter occasion received from Pope Formosus the pallium, and relics of St. George for his monastery of Reichenau. When Arnulf died and his young son, Louis the Child, ascended the throne in 900, Hatto's power became still greater. Together with Adelbero, bishop of Augsburg, he acted as regent throughout the brief reign of Louis (900- 911), devoting his chief energies to the welfare of the kingdom and the preservation of peace ; and his influence suffered little diminution at the hands of Conrad I., whom he himself had proposed as the successor of Louis.
About the name of so prominent a statesman and ecclesiastic a mass of legend soon grew up, and many tales were current of dark deeds and plans in which he was said to have been involved. He was said to have been the chief character in the treacherous murder of Count Adalbert of Badenberg, a rebel against the king, whom the archbishop induced to surrender under promise of protection. While Hatto was accompanying Conrad to the Rhine in 912, his Thuringian and Saxon estates were attacked by Duke Henry of Saxony, thus giving rise to the tradition that Hatto, unable to gain revenge openly, strangled Henry with a chain of gold. On the other hand, he is represented in many sources as irreproachable in affairs of both Church and State. He convened the important Synod of Tribur (895), built the church of St. George at Reichenau, and beautified the cathedral at Mainz. Concerning his death there were many traditions. According to Ekkehard of St. Gall, he died of " Italian fever"; according to Thietmar, his death was sudden; and according to Widukind, he expired of chagrin at the failure of his plans against Henry of Saxony. Later traditions relate that he was killed by lightning, or snatched up by the devil and hurled into the crater of Etna. The most popular legend, however, represents him as eaten by mice in his tower at Bingen on the Rhine because of his cruelty to the poor. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: A letter of his to Pope John IX. is in MPL, cxxxi.; J. F. Bohmer, Regesta archiepiscoporum Moguntinensium, i., pp. xxvii. sqq., 84 sqq., Innsbruck, 1877. Consult: F. L. Dammert, Hatto I., Programm, Freiburg, 1864-65. On the legends: S. Baring-Gould, Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, pp. 447-470. London, 1872; C. J. C. Will, in Monatsschrift fur rhein-westphalische Geschichtsforschung, i (1875), 205 sqq.; Hauck, KB, iii. 7, 10-11, et passim.
HATTO OF REICHENAU AND BASEL. See Haito.
HATTO OF VERCELLI. See Atto.
HAUCK, ALBERT: German Lutheran; b. at Wassertrudingen (19 m. s. of Ansbach) Dec. 9, 1845. He was educated at the universities of Erlangen and Berlin from 1864 to 1868, and after being pastor at Frankenheim from 1875 to 1878 was appointed associate professor of theology at Erlangen, where he became full professor four years later. Since 1889 he has been professor of church history at Leipsic, where he was rector in 1898-99 and dean in 1904-05. In theology he is an Evangelical of the scientific school. He has written : Tertullians Leben und Schriften (Erlangen, 1877); Die Bischofswahlen unter den Merowingem (1883); Die Entstehung des
Haug: Havelberg: