RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hesse Hesshusen
gelical Church receive financial aid from the government. (F. Floring.) Bibliography: The Kirchenordnung was published at Marburg, 1566, and the Agenda, das ist, Kirchenordnung in 1574 and often, cf. Philipps dea Grossmuthigen hessische Kirchenreformationsordnung, ed. H. A. Credner, Giessen, 1852. Consult: C. W. Ledderhose, Beytrdge zur Beschreibung des Kirchenstaates der hessen-kasselischen Lande, Cassel, 1781; E. Zimmermann, Verfassung der Kirchen und Schule im . . Hessen, Darmstadt, 1832; C. B. N. Falckenheiner, Geschichte hessischer Stadte und Stifter, 2 vols., Cassel, 1841-42; A. L. Richter, Die evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des 16. Jahrhunderts, Weimar, 1846; C. W. Kohler, Handbuch der kirchlichen Gesetzgebung, Darmstadt, 1847; W. Munscher, Versuch einer Geschichte der hessischen reformirten Kirche, Cassel, 1850; F. F. Fertsch, Handbuch des Kirchenrechts der evangelischen Kirche im . Hessen, Friedberg, 1853; L. Baur, Hessische Urkunden, 5 vols., Darmstadt, 1860-73; A. F. C. Vilmar, Geschichte des Konfessionstandes der evangelischen Kirche in Hessen, Marburg, 1860; F. W. Hassencamp, Hessische Kirchengeschichte, 2 vols., Frankfort, 1864; Beleuchtung der Declaration iiber den Bekenntnisstand der niederhessischen Kirche, Cassel, 1868; G. W. J. Wagner, Die vormaligen Stifte im . Hessen, Darmstadt, 1873—78; H. Heppe, Kirchengeschichte der beiden Hessen, 2 vols., Marburg, 1876; K. Kohler, Kirchenrecht der evangelischen Kirche . . . Hessen, Darmstadt, 1884; A. B. Schmidt, Kirchenrechtliche Quellen des . . Hessen, Giessen, 1891; J. Friedrich, Luther und die Kirchenverfassung der Reformatio ecclesiarum Hessice, Darmstadt, 1894; W. Kohler, Hessische Kirchenverfassung . . der Reformation, Giessen, 1894; W. Diehl, Zur Geschichte des Gottesdienstes in Hessen, Giessen, 1899; KL, v. 1931-58.
HESSELS (HESSELINUS), JOHANN HEINRICH :
Roman Catholic theologian; b. either at Arras (100 m. n.n.e. of Paris), France, or at Louvain, Belgium, 1522; d. at Louvain 1566. He taught eight years in the Premonstratensian monastery of Pare, near Louvain, and then became professor in the theological faculty of that university in 1559. He joined the Augustinian antischolastic party which went back to the Church Fathers of the third, fourth, and fifth centuries, but vigorously opposed the Augustinism of the Protestants. With Bajus and Cornelius Jansen he went, in 1563, to the Council of Trent, where he seems to have taken part in the preparatory work of the Catechismus Romanus. The last three years of his life were occupied with polemical agitation against Protestantism and Cassander. He wrote polemical treatises and commentaries on the Bible. His chief work in the sphere of dogmatics is his Catechismus (Louvain, 1571, 2d ed., 1595). (O. ZocKLERf.)
Bibliography: P. F. X. de Ram, Memoire sur la part que le clerge de Belgique . ont prise au concile de Trente, Brussels, 1841; F. X. Linsenmann, Bajus und die Grundlegung des Jansenismus, Tubingen, 1867; H. Hurter, Nomenclator literarius recentioris theologian catholics, i. 30-31, Innsbruck, 1867; KL, v. 1930-31.
HESSEY, JAMES AUGUSTUS: Church of England; b. at London July 17, 1814; d. there Dec. 24, 1892. He was educated at St. John's College, Oxford (B.A., 1836), and was ordained priest in 1838. He was vicar of Helidon, Northants. (1839), and lecturer in logic in his college (1839-42). He was public examiner in the University of Oxford (1842-44), and headmaster of Merchant Taylors' School (1845-70). He became examining chaplain to the bishop of London (1870), and from 1875 until his death was archdeacon of Middlesex. He was likewise select preacher at Oxford in 1849, and at Cambridge in 1878-79, preacher of Gray's Inn,
London, in 1850-79, Bampton Lecturer at Oxford in 1860, prebendary of Oxgate in St. Paul's Cathedral in 1860-75, Grinfeld Lecturer on the Sep tuagint in Oxford in 1865-69, and Boyle Lecturer in 1871- 1873. He was one of the three permanent chairmen of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, took an active part in the movement against legalizing marriage with a deceased wife's sister, and in theology was a moderate High-churchman, with deep sympathy with all that is earnest and true in every school of his Church. In addition to editing the Institutio Linguce Sanctce of Victorinus Bythner (2 parts, London, 1853), he wrote Schemata Rhetorica: or, Tables explanatory of the Nature of the Enthymeme, and the Various Modes of Classification adopted by Aristotle in his Rhetoric and Prior Analytics (Oxford, 1845); Sunday, its Origin, History, and Present Obligation (Bampton lectures; London, 1860); Biographies of the Kings of Judah (1865); and Moral Difficulties Connected with the Bible (Boyle lectures; 3 series, 1871-73). Bibliography: DNB, Supplement, ii. 415-416.
HESSHUSEN, TILEMANN: German Lutheran; b. at Nieder-Wesel (32 m. n.w. of Diisseldorf), in the duchy of Cleves, Nov. 3, 1527; d. at Helmstedt (22 m. e. of Brunswick) Sept. 25, 1588. He studied at Wittenberg, where he became the pupil, friend, and guest of Melanchthon. During the Interim he went abroad, hearing lectures at Oxford and Paris. In 1550, after his return to Wittenberg, he lectured at the university. In 1553, at the recommendation of his teacher, he was appointed superintendent and pastor primarius in Goslar; but his zeal for the reformation of the collegiate chapters and convents brought upon him the disfavor of the magistrates so that he was compelled to resign in 1556. He went to Magdeburg, where he collaborated on the " Magdeburg Centuries " and took an active part in attempts at mediating between Melanchthon and Flacius. After a few weeks he went to Rostock as professor at the university and pastor of the church of St. James. Here he joined Peter Eggerdes in preaching against the celebration of marriage ceremonies on Sundays and the carousals which usually followed them, against the participation of Evangelical Christians in Roman Catholic funerals and the employment of Roman Catholic sponsors. He excommunicated the two burgomasters who opposed him, but although many citizens and even Duke Ulrich were on his side and that of Eggerdes, they were both expelled on Oct. 9, 1557
In the following month Elector Otto Heinrich called Hesshusen to Heidelberg as first professor of theology, preacher at the Church of the Holy Spirit, and general superintendent of the Palatinate. Here, too, he gained few friends, and his attacks on the Calvinistic doctrine of the Lord's Supper made him generally unpopular. Elector Frederick III., the successor of Otto Heinrich, demanded adherence to the Augustana variata. As Hesshusen did not submit, he was deposed in 1559. He had a still more vehement encounter on the question of the Lord's Supper with Albert Hardenberg, cathedral preacher in Bremen, who was an adherent of Philippism (see Philippists) . In 1560 he became
Hesshusen Hesychasts