THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Bibliography: G. Kriiger, Lucifer von Calaris, pp. 13, 88- 89, Leipsic, 188G; DCB, iii. 75.
HILARY (HILARIUS, HILARUS): Pope 461- 46S. The Sardinian Hilarus was elected bishop of Rome probably Xov. 17, 461, consecrated Nov. 19, and died on Feb. 28 (?), 46S. As archdeacon under Leo I. he vigorously opposed the condemnation of Flavian of Constantinople at the Council of Ephesus (449). As pope he continued the policy of his predecessor in enforcing the claims of the Roman see in southern Gaul (cf. Epist., x., to Mamertus of Vienne, Feb. 25, 464). He, furthermore, gave laws to the Spanish Church (cf. Epist., xiii.-xvii.); and the Liber pontificalis praises his donations to Roman churches and cloisters. His briefs and decrees are given in MPL, lviii. 11-32; and (critically) in A. Thiel, Epistolce pontificum Romanorum, pp. 126-174, Braunsberg, 1868.
G. Kruger.
Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. Duchesne, vol. i., Paris, 1886. ed. Mommsen in MGH, Gesl. pont. Rom., i (1898), 107-111; Jaffa, Regesta, i. 75-77; Schaff, Christian Church, iii. 323; DCB, iii. 72-74; Bower. Popes, i. 249-257; B. Platina, Lives of Popes, i. 108-109, London, n.d.
HILARY OF ARLES (Hilarius Arelatensis), SAINT: Bishop of Aries; b. in northern or middle Gaul c. 401; d at Aries c. 450. He was a relative of Honoratus, abbot of the monastery of Lerins and bishop of Aries 426-429, who induced him to enter his monastery. On the death of Honoratus Hilary became his successor. He owes his importance chiefly to his attitude toward Augustinianism. He repudiated the Augustinian doctrine of predestination, accusing Augustine of fatalism.
He believed, according to Prosper of Aquitaine, that every man had sinned in Adam and could be saved only by the grace of God in regeneration. Salvation by the blood of Christ was offered to all men without exception, and all who are willing to accept faith and baptism could be saved. God predestined for his kingdom all whom he foresaw would be worthy of their election after their gratuitous call, and therefore every man is to be exhorted to take part in the divine institutions in order that nobody may despair of attaining eternal life, since this depends upon voluntary consecration. At the instigation of Prosper, Augustine wrote his treatises De prcedestinatione sanctorum and De dono perseverantice, but these did not convince the Gallic theologians. As he maintained his independent judgment against a great authority, so also Hilary tried to vindicate the independence of his position. On account of the political importance of the city of Aries in the fifth century, its bishops took the first rank in the Gallic episcopate, and Bishop Patroclus had already attempted to extend the primacy of Aries over the whole of southern Gaul. Hilary renewed his efforts, but was opposed by Leo the Great, who finally deposed him (see Arles, Archbishopric of). Of his writings the eulogy on Honoratus (usually quoted as Vita Honorati) is undoubtedly genuine; also an unimportant letter to Eucherius of Lyons. The following works are enumerated in his biographies: Vita Honorati; Homilioe in totius anni festivita-
tibus ; Symboli expositio; Epistolce; Versus fontis ardentis. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: His works are in MPL, i. 1213-92. Consult A. Ebert, Litteratur des Mittelalters, i. 449-4o2, Leipsic, 1889; C. F. Arnold, Casarius von Arelate, Leipsic 1894; O. Bardenhewer, Patrologie, pp. 489 sqq., Freiburg, 1894; Fessler-Jungmann, I nstitutiones patrologice ii. 2, pp. 336, Innsbruck, 1896; DCB, iii. 67-72; KL v 2042-46.
HILARY OF POITIERS.
Early Life. His Commentary on Matthew (§ 1).
Exile in the East (§ 2).
Activity in Arian Controversy (§ 3).
Later Life in Gaul (§ 4).
Hilary, who has been called the Athanasius of the Western Church, comes into clear historical light only after the Synod of Milan (355), and then not for long, since he died at Poitiers in 367. Of his early life we know little. He was born of pagan and probably well-to-do parents at Poitiers, was well educated there, married apparently while still a heathen, was led by his study of philosophy to the Christian faith, was baptized, and, some time before 355, was made bishop of Poitiers. At the time of the Synod of Milan he can not have been more than forty. He tells that at this time he did not know the Nicene Creed, and had i. Early not heard of the strife over the dis- Life. His tinction between homoousion and ho- Commen- moiousion. In view of the paucity of tary on evidences as to Western orthodoxy of Matthew, the period before 356, when Greek influence became strong, the historical interest of Hilary's commentary on Matthew is very great. Though it lacks the beginning and end, its genuineness is beyond dispute. Its date is probably between 350 and 353. The Christology of this work is the old Western Christology of Novatian (and Tertullian), without the least trace of influence from Nieasa or of the Eastern catchwords of the time. Another specifically Western trait is the strong Pauline influence — the antithesis of law and gospel, the emphasis laid upon justifying faith. It is difficult to decide exactly what were the sources of the theological learning set forth in this, the oldest of Hilary's works; but it will not suffice to say that he gained his knowledge of the orthodox belief, as it was set forth in the homoousion, from Scripture alone. He seldom names authorities; but he does mention Tertullian and Cyprian as the authors of expositions of the Lord's Prayer known to him, and he seems to have read Noyatian's De trinitate under the name of one of these two. That he knew Irenaeus is possible from the parallelism of certain lines of thought, but there are things which tell in a contrary direction. Greek influences are improbable from the complete absence of any reference to the Greek text of the Bible. In fact, it is unlikely that Hilary's youthful education included a " good knowledge " of Greek. It was his being drawn into the Arian controversy that mane him ""the Athanasius of the West," and his exile in the Orient that turned him into a Grecizing Western theologian.
After Paulinus of Treves had been exiled in 353