THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
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Strabo, and the famous Hincmar of Reims, his pupil. At the end of S14 or beginning of 815 he became abbot of St. Denis, though he was not yet a monk. In S19 or S22 he was made archicapellanus to Louis the Pious, and his subsequent career was of more political than ecclesiastical importance. In 827 an embassy from the Eastern emperor, Michael Balbus, brought the works of Dionysius the Areopagite as a present to Louis the Pious, who placed them in charge of Hilduin as abbot of St. Denis, having a special devotion to the saint, whom he regarded as identical with the Areopagite, and in S35 charged him to write the life of St. Denis. This biography is of importance as taking the same view of the identity — the view which, although all his contemporaries did not share it, prevailed finally and dominated the Middle Ages. Involved in the struggle of Louis the Pious with his sons, he lost his position at court and was imprisoned for a time in the abbey of Corvey. He was soon pardoned by Louis, and some of his abbeys were restored to him; but he took no further part in political conflicts, and devoted himself to the reformation of St. Denis, probably taking the monastic vows in this period. (Fossf.)
Bibliography: Sources are to be found in: MPL, cvi. 109-110; MGH, Epist., v (1898-99), 325 sqq.; Ermoldus Nigellus, III., v. 270-271, IV., v. 412, in MPL, cv. Consult: A. Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters, ii. 147, 248, 348, Leipsic, 1880; H. Fo&s, Ueber den Abt Hilduin, Berlin, 1886; Histoire litteraire de la France, iv. 607-613; KL, v. 2089-90.
HILGENFELD, ADOLF (BERNHARD CHRIS- TOPH CHRISTIAN): German Protestant; b. at Stappenbeck (near Salzwedel, 54 m. n.n.w. of Magdeburg) June 2, 1823; d. at Jena Jan. 12, 1907. He studied at Berlin and Halle 1841-45, and in 1847 became privat-docent at Jena. In 1850 he was appointed associate professor in the same university, and in 1869 was made honorary full professor, while from 1890 to his death he was full professor of New Testament exegesis. In theology he belonged to the liberal school of F. C. Baur. Besides his work as editor of the Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Theologie after 1858, he wrote Die clementinischen Rekognitionen und Homilien (Jena, 1848); Das Evangelium und die Briefe Johannis nach ihrem Lehrbegriff (Halle, 1849); Kritische Untersuchungen iiber die Evangelien Justins, der clementinischen Homilien und Martians (1850); Die Glossolalie in der alten Kirche (Leipsic, 1850); Das Markus-Evangelium (1850); DerGalaterbrief (1852); Die apostolischen Voter (Halle, 1853); Die Evangelien nach ihrer Entstehung und geschichtlichen Bedeutung (Leipsic, 1S54); Das Urchristentum in den Hauptwendepunkten seines Entwicklungsganges (Jena, 1855); Die jiidische Apokalyptik (1857); Der Paschastreit der alten Kirche (Halle, 1860); Der Kanon und die Kritik des Neuen Testaments in ihrer geschichtlichen Ausbildung (1863); Die Propheten Esra und Daniel und ihre neueste Bearbeitungen (1863); Novum Testamentum extra canonem receptum (4 parts, Leipsic, 1874); Messias Judeeorum, libris eorum paulo ante et paulo post Christum natum conscriptis illustratus (1869); Historisch-kritische Einleitung in das Neue Testament (1875); Die lehn-
inische Weissagung uber die Mark Brandenburq (1875); Die Ketzergeschichte des Urchristentums (1884); Judentum und Judenchristentum (1S86)- Herm.ce pastor grace integer (1887); Libellus de aleatoribus inter Cypriani scripta conservatus (Freiburg, 1889); Acta apostolorum grace et latine (Berlin, 1899); and Ignatii Antiocheni et Polycarpi Smyrna-i epistulm et martyria (1902).
Bibliography: H. Hilgenfeld, Verzeichnis der von Adolf Hilgenfeld verfassten Schriften, Leipsic, 1906.
HILL, ROWLAND: Popular English preacher; b. at Hawkstone Park (11 m. n.e. of Shrewsbury)! Shropshire, Aug. 23, 1744; d. in London Apr. ll' 1833. He was educated at Eton and at St. John's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1769), where he came under the influence of the Methodists. For preaching in the open air in and around Cambridge without a license he was opposed by the authorities and frequently assaulted by mobs. Finally, in 1773, after he had been refused ordination by six bishops, he was ordained by the bishop of Bath and Wells to the curacy of Kingston, Somersetshire, but was subsequently denied priest's orders. Having come into an inheritance through the death of his father, Sir Rowland Hill, he built in 1783 Surrey Chapel, London. Here he preached to immense audiences almost up to the time of his death. Attached to the chapel were thirteen Sunday-schools, with an enrolment of over 3,000 children. In the summer Hill preached through the country, even visiting Scotland and Ireland, and attracting large crowds wherever he went. He was one of the founders of the Religious Tract Society and an active promoter of the interests of the London Missionary Society and of the British and Foreign Bible Society. He was an early advocate of vaccination, and published a tract on the subject in 1806. His principal work is Village Dialogues (London, 1801; 34th ed., 1839).
Bibliography: W. Jones, Memoir of Rowland Hill, ed. Sherman, London, 1840; E. Sidney, Life of Rev. Rowland Hill, ib. 1845; James Sherman, Memorial of Rowland Hill, ib. 1857; V. J. Charlesworth, Rowland Hill: his Life, Anecdotes and Pulpit Sayings, ib. 1879; E. Broome, Rowland Hill: Preacher and Wit, ib. 1883; DNB, xxvi. 411.
HILLEL: Jewish rabbi in the time of Herod. He was called " the Elder " to distinguish him from other persons of the same name, and was descended from a poor Babylonian family which, as a later Jewish legend relates, traced its pedigree back to David. According to Siphre on Deut. xxxiv. 7, he was forty years old when he emigrated from his native country to Palestine in order to devote himself in Jerusalem to the study of the law. His poverty compelled him to become a daylaborer. It was said that he used half of his wages to provide the fees for instruction under the most celebrated rabbis of his time. He distinguished himself not only by his zeal for knowledge, but also by his great patience and gentleness both in word and in deed. The " Sayings of the Fathers " and other sources have preserved many a beautiful sentence under the name of Hillel, and many examples of his noble deeds are recorded in the Talmud. But he can not be called a reformer; his