THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
all the orthodox bishops and laity. This date (365) is the last certain one in his life.
Several of his most important works, as enumerated in the list given by Jerome {De vir. ill., c.), have already been dealt with in their chronological connection. Of the others mentioned by him there are still extant a commentary on part of the Psalms, a portion of the Liber mysteriorum, and fragments of the Liber hymnorum and the commentary on Job. The work on the Psalms is even more extensive than in Jerome's specification, covering Ps. i., ii., ix., xiii., xiv., li.-lxix., cxi., and cxviii.-cl. The Liber mysteriorum was long supposed to be lost, but in 18S7 Gamurrini discovered a manuscript which, though incomplete, he identified with this treatise, and found to contain a treatment of the mysteries of Old Testament typology. Of the commentary on Job, which Jerome calls a free rendering of Origen s, two fragments are preserved by Augustine; its dependence on Origen places it in the period after Hilary's banishment. There has been much discussion on the difficult question as to the existence of remains of what Jerome describes as Liber adversum Valentemet Ursacium, historiam Ariminensis et Seleuciensis synodi continens. Fifteen " fragments " preserved in the manuscripts perhaps belong to this work, and scholars have held very divergent views about the authenticity of them, together or severally; but until further evidence is presented the hypothesis which regards them all as genuine and belonging to this book seems the least open to objection.
(F. Loofs.)
Bibliography: The best edition of the works is the Benedictine of Coustant, Paris, 1693, reprinted with additions by Maffei, Verona, 1730, and in MPL, ix.-x. Earlier and less valuable are those by B. Ascensius, Paris, 1510, and by Erasmus, Basel, 1523. Hilary's principal work on the Trinity and several other tracts and homilies are in NPNF, 2d ser., vol. ix.
The Vita by Venantius Fortunatus. ed. B. Krusch, is in MGH. Auct. ant., iv. 2 (1885), 1-11; an early Vita is in vol. i. of Maffei 's ed. and in vol. ix. of MPL. His life is given also by Jerome in De vir. ill., chap. c. An excellent and detailed introduction to Hilary's life and writings and theology is in NPNF, ut sup. Consult: J. H. Reinkens, Hilarius von Poitiers, Schaffhausen, 1864; J. B. Wirthmiiller, Die Lehre des . Hilarius von Poitiers, Regensburg, 1SG5; K. R. Hagenbach, Hist, of Christian Doctrines, i. passim, ii. S2, Edinburgh, 1880; O. Bardenhewer, Patrologie, Freiburg, 1894; G. Dreves, in ZHT, xii (1888), 358-361; Baltzer, Die Christologie des heiligen Hilarius von Poitiers, Rottweil, 18S9; F. W Farrar, Lives of the Fathers, i. 426-467, New York, 1889; A. Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters, i. 143-145, Leipsic, 1889; S. W. Teuffel, Geschichte der romischen Literalur, pp. 1053-1057, ib. 1890; II. Lindemann, Hilary von Poitiers, liber mysteriorum, Miinster, 1905; Wilmars, in Revue benedictine, April and July, 1907 ; Ceillier, Auteurs sarres, iv. 1-89, 566-576 et passim, consult index; Neander, Christian Church, ii. 618-622 et passim; SchafE, Christian Church, iii. 589, 664, 959-961; DCB, iii. 54-56.
HILDA (HILD), SAINT: Abbess of Whitby (40 m. n.n.e. of York); b. 614; d. at Whitby Nov. 17, 680. She was baptized by Paulinus (q.v.) at York with her great-uncle Edwin, king of Northumbria, and his nobles in 627. At the age of thirty-three she started to join her sister, Hereswid, who was a nun in Gaul, but was recalled from East Anglia by Aidan and appointed over a small monastic
community on the north bank of the Wear. In 649 she became abbess at Hartlepool. In 657 she founded a double monastery at Whitby (then called Streanceshalch), which became the most famous religious house in northeast England. The Synod of Whitby (q.v.) was held there in 664, after which Hilda accepted the Roman date for Easter. Five of the monks trained under her rule became bishops. The poet Csedmon (q.v.), perhaps originally a laborer on the monastic lands, was made a brother of the house by Hilda, and received instruction and encouragement from her.
Bibliography: Bede, Hist, eccl., iii. 24-25, iv. 23 24- J. B. Lightfoot, Leaders of the Northern Church London' 1890; DCB, iii. 77-78; DNB, xxvi. 381-382; W. Bright,' Chapters of Early English Church History, Oxford, 1S97. '
HILDEBERT, il"de-bar/ OF LAVARDIN: Bishop of Le Mans and archbishop of Tours; b. at Lavardin, near Montoire (24 m. w.n.w. of Blois), department of Loir-et-Cher, c. 1056; d. at Tours Dec. 18, 1133. After 1085 he was scholasticus in the cathedral of Le Mans, and became archdeacon there in 1091. He was made bishop of Le Mans in 1096. A minority of the clergy and William Rufus of England, at that time feudal lord of Maine, protested against his election as bishop; and until the death of the King Hildebert had to suffer much from the ill will of the English court. After the end of the second campaign against Maine, he was even forced to follow the king to England as prisoner, but in 1100 he was released. Shortly after his return to Le Mans, he undertook a journey to Italy, asking to be relieved from his duties; but Paschal II. would not give his consent. Richly provided with means for the continuation of the building of his cathedral, he returned to Le Mans in 1101. He developed a busy administrative activity, which was interrupted only by his attendance at various French councils, and by a captivity of several months in the castle of Count Rotrou du Perche (1112). About 1116 Henry of Lausanne (q.v.) appeared in Le Mans and preached fearlessly against the conduct of the higher clergy. The people enthusiastically hailed the anticlerical agitation, and when Hildebert returned from a second journey to Italy he was received with maledictions, though he banished Henry from town and diocese. In 1120 Hildebert had the great satisfaction of seeing the cathedral finished. In 1123 he attended the great Lateran Council of Calixtus II. at Rome. Through Louis VI. of France he was chosen archbishop of Tours in 1125, against his will. His new office involved him immediately in new and protracted struggles with Louis about appointments to offices, with the bishop of Dol about jurisdiction over the dioceses of Brittany, etc.
Hildebert achieved fame beyond the boundaries of his diocese chiefly by his literary works, particularly his poems. He had great talents for form. He was the first medieval writer who mastered Latin like a living language, but he was more of a versifier than of a poet. Next to his poems, Hildebert achieved fame by the elegant style of his letters and by his preaching in French and Latin. He was the first prominent representative of the tendency which led later to the Renaissance, but