RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hilary of Poitiers Hilduin
was temporarily checked by the rise of monasticism and the activity of the mendicant orders.
Beaugendre has embodied in his edition of Hildebert's works (Paris, 1708) all anonymous writings that he could possibly ascribe to his hero. Bourasse's edition (MPL, clxxi. 1-1486) is not much better. Of the numerous prose works attributed to Hildebert, the only ones surely genuine are four sermons, a work entitled Liber de querimonia et conflictu carnis et spiritus seu animoe (c. 1100), and two biographies of saints, Vita S. Radegundis and Vita Hugonis abbatis Cluniacensis. The genuineness of the following poetical works is proved: Versus de sacrificio missce ; De operibus sex dierum; Inscriptionum christianorum libellus; Vita Marice Mgyptiacm ; some of the Carmina miscellanea and of the Carmina indijferentia. The genuineness of the following poetical works has not yet been investigated : De ordine mundi; Carmen in libros regum ; Versus de S. Vincentio; De inventione S. Crucis; Lamentatio peccatricis animce. It is possible that Hildebert is the author of a Historia de Mahomete. (H. Bohmer.)
Bibliography: Criticisms by B. Haur^au of the editions of Beaugendre and Bourasse' are in Notices et extraits de la bibliotheque nationale, xxviii. 2, pp. 289-448, xxix. 231- 362, xxxi. 2, pp. 126-140, xxxii. 2, pp. 7, 84-166, xxxiii. 1, pp. 257 sqq. Certain letters, ed. E. Sackur, are in UGH, Lib. de lite, ii (1893), 668-673. Sources for a life are the Vita Hildeberti in the Acta episcoporum Cennomannensium reprinted in the introductions to the editions of Beaugendre and Bourasse; Ordericus Vitalis, Hist, eccl., ed. A. le Prevost, ii. 250-251, 576, iv. 41 sqq., 103, 374, Paris, 1838-55; and William of Malmesbury, ed. W. Stubbs, in Rolls Series, no. 90, pp. 338-340, 402-403, London, 1887-89. The biographies by V. Hebert-Duperron (Bajocis, 1858) aDd P. D4servilliers (Paris, 1876) are superseded by A. Dieudonne\ Hildebert de Lavardin, sa vie, ses lettres, Paris, 1898; cf. E. A. Freeman, Reign of William Rufus, ii. 191-245, 274-302, 625-645, 654-656, Oxford, 1882; F. Barth, Hildebert von Lavardin und das kirchliche Stellungbesetzungsrecht, Stuttgart, 1906; Wattenbach, DGQ, ii (1886), 191, ii (1894), 217; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 522-523; R. C. Trench, Sacred Latin Poetry, pp. 106-109, London, 1864.
HILDEBRAND. See Gregory VII., Pope.
HILDEGARD, SAINT: Abbess of Disibodenberg and Rupertsberg, near Bingen; b. at the castle of Bockelheim (16 m. by rail s. of Bingen) 1098 or 1099; d. at Rupertsberg 1178. She was educated at the Disibodenberg abbey by a female recluse, Jutta of Sponheim, and became abbess herself in 1136. Subsequently she founded and superintended the cloister on the Rupertsberg. She influenced the ecclesiastical and moral conditions of the time by her speech and example, in the course of journeys to France, to Swabia, Cologne, and the Netherlands, and by her manifold writings, the product of ecstatic visionary conditions, and the earliest memorials of German mysticism. From 1141 onward, Hildegard had her visions, imparted through the " inner light," recorded in writing; thus originated her principal work, Scivias [i.e., Sci vias] Domini, her Liber vitce meritorum, Expositiones evangeliorum, and other books. Although never canonized, Hildegard's name has found recognition in the Martyr ologium of the Roman Catholic Church; and she is still highly honored in the districts of the confluence of the Nahe and the Rhine.
K. Benrath.
Bibliography: An extensive list of literature is given in Potthast, Wegweiser, pp. 1373-74, and another by F. W. E. Roth, in Quartalblatter des historischen Vereins filr Hessen, 1886, pp. 221-223, 1887, pp. 78-86.
Hildegard's Epistolw et prophetia; are most accessible in MPL, cxcvii.; the Epistolai are in Germ, transl. in 2 vols., Regensburg, 1854; previously inedited works, ed. Davin, are in Le Monde, July 1, 1882; her Nova opera, ed. J. B. Pitra, appeared Paris, 1883, cf. Analecta Bollandiana, i (1882), 597-608. The Life of Hildegard by Theodoric, with prefatorial matter, is in ASB, Sept., v. 667-697, and in MPL, cxcvii. 91-130, and in Fr. transl., Louvain, 1822. Other pertinent matter is collected in ASB, ut sup., pp. 697-701. Consult: L. Clarus, Leben der heiligen Hildegard, Regensburg, 1854; W. Preger, Geschichte der deutschen Mystik, i. 13-34, Leipsic, 1874; J. P. Schmelzeis, Leben und Wirken der heiligen Hildegard, Freiburg, 1879; A. Battandier, in Revue des questions historiques, xxiii (1883), 395-425; R. A. Vaughan, Hours with the Mystics, i. 146, ii. 219, 8th ed., London, n.d.; KL, v. 2061-74; Neander, Christian Church, iv. 216-220, 225, 462, 586, v. 222, 381.
HILDESHEIM, BISHOPRIC OF: The bishopric for the Eastphalian districts in the northwestern regions of the Harz Mountains. It was probably created early in the reign of Louis the Pious (814- 840), as the Hildesheim catalogue of the bishops names two bishops before Ebo (q.v.) and the latter received the bishopric shortly before the Synod of Mainz in 847, in which he took part as bishop of Hildesheim. The most prominent among the Hildesheim bishops were Altfrid, founder of the cathedral of Hildesheim, Bern ward, and Godehard. The most important monastery in the diocese was Gandersheim, founded 852 at Brunshausen and removed to Gandersheim in 856. (A. Hatjck.)
The bishops acquired great temporal power under the Hohenstaufen emperors, and had been so much distracted by the consequent cares and struggles that there was great need of reform when it was undertaken by Bishop Magnus of Saxony- Lauenburg (1424-52) supported by Nicholas of Cusa (see Cusa, Nicholas of) who had been sent to North Germany for this purpose, and by Jan Busch (q.v.) and the Windesheim congregation, as well as by the Benedictine congregation later called of Bursfelde (q.v.), which originated within the diocese about this time. Worldliness, however, made fresh inroads, and under John IV of Saxony-Lauenburg (1504-27) all was ripe for both political and religious innovations. A large part of the diocese became Protestant and the dukes of Brunswick-Liineburg and Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel took the power. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) confirmed the existing status and prevented any attempts at restoring Roman Catholicism. In 1803 the remaining territory of the diocese was secularized and annexed as a principality to Prussia; but the Concordat of 1824 between Hanover and Rome established new and much larger boundaries for the spiritual jurisdiction of the bishops, including a Roman Catholic population of 55,000. Bibliography: H. A. Luntzel, Geschichte der Diocese und Stadt HiWesheim, 2 vols., Hildesheim, 1857-58; A. Bertram, Die Bischbfe von Hildesheim, ib. 1896; idem, Geschichte des Bisthums Hildesheim, ib. 1899; Rettberg, KD, ii. 465; Hauck, KD, ii. 620.
HILDUIN, il"dil"an': Abbot of St. Denis; d. Nov. 22, 840. He came of a noble Frankish family, was a pupil of Alcuin, and became a man of great learning, admired by Rabanus Maurus, Walafried
Hilgenfeld Hiltalingrer