RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Horn Horse
Catholic Epistles (1655); and a Compendium
theologies (Brunswick, 1655).
(Paul Tschackert.)
Bibliography: ADB, xiii. 148-149; E. L. T. Henke, G. Calixtund seine Zeit, Halle, 1853-60; G. Frank, Geschichte der protestantischen Theologie, ii. 6 sqq., Leipsic, 1862.
HORNER, JUNIUS MOORE: Protestant Episcopal bishop; b. at Oxford, N. O, July 7, 1859. He studied at the University of Virginia in 1879-80, after which he was instructor in Latin and Greek in the Oxford School for Boys for several years. He then studied at Johns Hopkins University (B.A., 1885) and the General Theological Seminary (B.D., 1892), and was ordained priest in the following year. From 1890 to 1898 he was associated with his brother as principal of the Oxford School after the death of his father, and in the latter year was consecrated first missionary bishop of Asheville, N. C.
HORNING, FRIEDRICH THEODOR: Preacher in Strasburg, and champion of Lutheranism in Alsace; b. at Eckwersheim (near Vendenheim, 6 m. n. of Strasburg), in Lower Alsace, Oct. 25, 1809; d. at Strasburg Jan. 21, 1882. After the completion of his theological studies at Strasburg in 1832, he became vicar in Ittenheim in the following year. In 1835 his father ordained him as preacher. In 1836 he was appointed pastor in Grafenstaden, and in 1846 at Strasburg. Until his removal to Strasburg he professed a moderate rationalism, the reigning tendency of that time. In 1841 he was elected member of the committee for a revision of the hymnbook which was to serve the two Evangelical churches. On his arrival in Strasburg, however, Horning suddenly changed his views in favor of confessional Lutheranism, opposing all Pietistic tendencies and all attempts at a union between the Lutherans and the Reformed. He declared participation in the Basel mission a betrayal of the Lutheran Church, and in opposition to its efforts founded the Evangelical-Lutheran Missionary Society for the support of Lutheran missions in Leipsic and Hermannsburg. He gathered a large congregation in Strasburg from all parts of the city, without regard to parochial divisions, and held it in strict discipline. Outside of Strasburg only eight or ten clergymen accepted the views of Horning at first, but after 1860 the Lutheran circle expanded. He rendered great service by reawakening the consciousness of Church and confession, directing attention again to the importance of pure doctrine and the means of grace. After his death a collection of his sermons on the Gospels was published (Strasburg, 1884), and one on the Epistles (1898).
(K. Hackenschmidt.)
Bibliography: W. Horning, Friedrich Theodor Horning, Wtirzburg, 1885 (by his son).
HOROLOGION, her"o-l6'ji-on: An office-book of the Greek Church, corresponding to the Latin breviary, and containing the office for the day and night hours of the Church, from matin to compline, with the variable antiphons and hymns, and various short offices, prayers, and canons for occasional use.
HORR, GEORGE EDWIN: Baptist; b. at Boston, Mass., Jan. 19, 1856. He was graduated at Brown University in 1876. and studied at Union
Theological Seminary (1876-77) and Newton Theological Institution (B.D., 1879). After holding pastorates at the First Baptist Church, Tarrytown, N. Y. (1879-84), and the First Baptist Church, Charlestown, Mass. (1884-91), he was editor of The Watchman (1891-1904). Since 1904 he has been professor of church history in the Newton Theological Institution, and since 1908 president. In theology he is a liberal conservative, and has written, in addition to numerous occasional sermons and addresses, Hid in the Heart (Philadelphia, 1902).
HORSE (Hebr. sus, parash; the latter word, however, often designates the rider): On the Assyrian and Babylonian monuments the horse is frequently represented. He was known and valued in those countries from the earliest times, but, judging from the representations, only for riding and for the chariot, and not as a beast of burden. The same is true of the Hittites, whose chariots formed an important part of their military equipment. Among the Egyptians the horse is represented only after the period of the Hyksos and exclusively for use in war. In the Amarna Tablets the princes of Babylonia and Mitanni send horses and chariots as presents to Egypt; they were nearer to Central Asia, the habitat of the horse. Egypt could never excel in horse-breeding, while Mesopotamia, with its vast plains, possessed special advantages in this direction. Horses and chariots appear to have been introduced into Syria by the Hittites; still the Amarna Tablets state that the princes of northern Palestine sometimes requested horses from the Egyptian king. On account of the mountainous conformation of the country chariots were used only in restricted numbers in Palestine, principally on the plains and along the coast. The Israelites are said to have been terrified at the chariots of the Canaanites, and according to the sources it was Solomon who first introduced horses on a large scale from Kue and Muzri (in Cilicia and North Syria; see Assyria, VI., 2, § 1; in the E. V. of I Kings x. 28-29 rendered " Egypt "). Among the Israelites also they were used almost exclusively for warlike purposes. To drive in chariots drawn by horses in time of peace was the prerogative of the king only (II Sam. xv. 1; I Kings i. 5); but in later times high officials assumed the prerogative (Jer. xvii. 25). Not until the Roman period, when roads were first built in Palestine, was the horse generally used in that country for driving and riding; in ancient times the ass, and, for the nobles, the mule, were the animals so employed (Isa. xxviii. 28 is faulty; cf. B. Duhm on the passage in Handkommentar zum Allen Testament, Gottingen, 1903, and T. K. Cheyne, Isaiah, in SBOT).
The Old Testament also mentions the breeding of horses; they were kept in a stable (urwah), and fed with barley and straw (I Kings iv. 26-28). They were controlled by means of the bit (resen), the bridle (methegh), and the whip (shot). The poets admire the strength and swiftness of the horso (Jer. iv. 13, xlvii. 3; Hab. i. 8, etc.), and Job (xxxix. 19-25) pictures it as a wonder-work of divine creation. I. Benzinger.
Horsley
Hosea