THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
second treating the sacramental disputes among Protestants under the title De origine et progressu controversies sacramentarice, de caena Domini inter Lutheranos et orlhodoxos, quos Zwinglianos et Calvinistas vacant, exortce ab anno 1517 usque ad annum 1612. His last work was Historia Jesuitica (1619; continued by Ludwig Lucius, 1632; partial Eng. transl.. The Jesuits Manner of Consecrating Persons and Weapons Employ'd for the Murdering Kings, and Princes, by them Accounted Heretics, London, 1G7S; Dublin, 1681). Of his polemical works against the Lutherans may be mentioned his Concordia discors, seu de origine et progressu formula concordice Bergensis (1607), which was directed against the Formula of Concord. Leonard Hutter, of Wittenberg, answered in his Concordia concors (1614). A collected edition of Hospinian's works appeared at Geneva, 1681 (7 vols.), with life by J. H. Heidegger.
(E. F- Karl Mtjller.)
Bibliography: The life by J. H. Heidegger is used by P. Bayle, Dictionary Historical ayid Critical, iii. 502-505, London, 1736; cf. Nouvelle biographie generate, xxv. 211 sqq., Paris, 1858.
HOSPITALERS (HOSPITAL BROTHERS AND
SISTERS) : A general term for monks, nuns, canons, laymen, or knights spiritual, usually bound by the August inian rule, who devote themselves to the care of the sick in hospitals. If closely connected with monastic orders or canonries, they are subject to the bishop, although some are controlled immediately by the Curia. Generally speaking, they do not take solemn vows, but bind themselves to poverty and hospitality, as well as to the care of the sick. The hospitalers probably arose in the early Middle Ages, though there is little direct evidence of the existence of such communities independent of monasteries of canonries before the crusades, the period which first evoked the chief orders and fraternities of this class, and gave independence to municipal hospitals which had previously been controlled by monasteries. Certain of these orders and congregations are treated in separate articles (see Agonizants; Alexians; Anthony, Saint, Orders of; Bethlehemites; Charity, Brothers of; Cross, Orders of the; Hippolytus, Saint, Brothers or Hospitalers of; Humiliati; John, Saint, Order of Hospitalers of; Sack Brethren; Teutonic Order; Vincent de Paul, Saint; Women, Congregations of) . The following are less prominent orders of men: (1) The Hospitalers of Burgos, with Cistercian rule, founded in 1212 to protect pilgrims to St. James of Compostella, in 1474 united with the Order of Calatrava; (2) Bridge Brethren (Fratres pontifices), said to have been established by St. Benazet in 1177 for building and maintaining bridges for pilgrims, but probably entirely legendary, like their founder; (3) Brethren of St. James of Hautpas (Altipassus), near Lucca, founded for a similar purpose, and with a mother house near Lucca as early as 1127 and a Hospital of St. James of Hautpas founded at Paris in 1322, as well as other houses, suppressed by Pius II. in 14.59; (4) Penitential Brethren of Brussels; (5) Hospitalers of Albrac (Aubrac, in southern Auvergne); (6) Hospitalers of the Immaculate Conception; and (7) Tiiestines, or Brethren
of Love, founded at Ghent by Canon Triest in 1810.
The following are minor orders of hospital sisters, who frequently added to their duties as hospitalers the education of girls, the care of orphans, and the reformation of prostitutes: (1) Nuns of the Sack (Saccariw, Sachettes), corresponding closely to the Sack Brethren, with a house at Paris beside Saint- Andre des Arcs, which is still commemorated by the Rue Sachettes; (2) Hospital Sisters of St. Gervais, who controlled the hospital of St. Gervais, founded at Paris in 1171, in which homeless men were given shelter and care for three days; (3) Hospital Sisters of St. Catherine (Catherinettes), Augustinian in rule like the foregoing, whose Hospital of St. Catherine, founded at Paris in 1188, was for women what the Hospital of St. Gervais was for men, and who also interred those who died in prison and other unclaimed corpses; (4) the Haudryettes, or Daughters of the Assumption, established about 1250 by the wife of Etienne Haudry, the private secretary of St. Louis, who later spread throughout France, and survived until the Revolution; (5) Hospital Sisters of the Hotel-Dieu, or " Daughters of God " {Filles de Dieu), who supervised the great hospital of Paris; (6) Hospital Sisters of the Holy Spirit, Augustinian canonesses who controlled the hospital built at Poligny in 1212. A name similar to the last was borne by other canonesses who devoted themselves to hospital work, and also by many non-Augustinian sisterhoods in France (at Abbeville, Beauvais, Pontoise, Cambrai, and elsewhere), Germany, and other countries. (O. ZocKLERf.)
Bibliography: On the Hospital Brothers: F. Hurter, in TQ, xxviii (1842), 226 sqq.; G. Ratzinger, Geschichte der kirchlichen Armenpflege, pp. 254 sqq., Freiburg, 1884; G. Uhlhorn, Die christliche Liebesthatigkeit im Mittelalter, pp. 85 sqq., 199 sqq., 278-279, 468 sqq., Stuttgart, 1884; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, ii. passim and Index, " Hospitaliter "; Helyot, Ordres monastiques , vol. iii. passim. On the Hospital Sisters: M. du Camp, Die W ohlthatigkeitsanstalten der christlichen Barmherzigkeit zu Paris, pp. 287 sqq., Mainz, 1887; Little, in English Historical Review, Jan., 1894, pp. 121-122; Helyot, ut sup., vol. iv. passim; Heimbucher, ut sup., Index, " Hospitaliterinnen. "
HOSPITALITY, HEBREW. See Stranger.
HOSPITALS. See Philanthropy.
HOSS, ELIJAH EMBREE: Methodist Episcopal bishop; b. at Jonesboro, Tenn., Apr. 14, 1849. He was educated at Ohio Wesleyan University and Emory and Henry College, Emory, Va. (B.A., 1869). He entered the ministry in 1869, and after holding pastorates at Jonesboro, Tenn., Knoxville, Tenn., San Francisco, Cal., and Asheville, N. C, was president of Martha Washington College, Abingdon, Va., from 1876 to 1881. He was then vice-president of Emory and Henry College until 1886, and professor of church history in Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., from 1886 to 1890. In 1890-1902 he was editor of The Christian Advocate, and in 1902 was elected bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. He was a member of the ecumenical conferences of 1891 and 1901.
HOSSBACH, PETER WILHELM: German theologian; b. at Neustadt-on-the-Dosse (45 m. n.w. of Berlin) Feb. 20, 1784; d. at Berlin Apr. 7, 1S46.