RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hospitalers Hottinger
He was educated at the universities of Halle and Frankfort-on-the-Oder, and from 1806 to 1815 he officiated as private tutor, as conrector at the gymnasium at Prenzlau, and as pastor at Planitz-onthe-Dosse. In 1815 he was appointed minister at a military academy in Berlin; and in 1821 became third preacher at the Jerusalem Church of that city. He was the author of Johann Valentin Andrea und sein Zeitalter (Berlin, 1819) and Philipp Jakob Spener und seine Zeit (2 vols., 1828), two works which established his reputation as a church historian of rank. He also published numerous collections of sermons which enjoyed wide popularity, and the first of these was dedicated to Schleiermacher, with whom he was on terms of intimate friendship. (W Hollenberg-|\)
HOST: The consecrated bread or wafer used in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. The Latin hostia (properly " feast of sacrifice, sacrificial offering ") is used even as early as Cyprian (De unitate ecclesice, xvii.) to denote the bread employed by the priest in celebrating the Eucharist. According to the definite formulation of the Roman doctrine of the sacrifice in the Mass (q.v.), this designation was properly applicable only to the bread transubstantiated by the priest into the body of Christ, whereas the name oblata (originating in the custom of having the natural products supplied by members of the congregation), which was likewise applied to the sacramental bread, belonged to the unconsecrated elements. That in the primitive Church the bread in use for the Lord's Supper, and furnished by the congregation, was the leavened bread which served for food is not to be doubted. But while the Eastern Church retained the leavened bread, unleavened bread became customary in the Western Church from the ninth century, and gained exclusive prevalence. The bread originally had a round, flat shape, though sometimes it was in the form of a large round disk, perforated in the center. From the eleventh century the present small form of the host appears; and this was the form best adapted to the proper sacrifice of the mass, wherein the priest alone communicated.
The sacramental wafers were quite early marked with the sign of the cross. At a later period there occur particular symbols, figures, the letters alpha and omega, and images of Christ. In 1834 the Congregation of Rites appointed the emblem of the crucifix. In early times the bread was zealously prepared by devout men and women; but after the adoption of the small host (of pure wheat flour, without any admixture) it devolved upon the monks, and called for the most painstaking care in the process.
The Lutheran Church accepted, without hesitation, the use of the host for the eucharistic festival. Luther retained the wafers for the very reason that he was offended by the rude scorn of certain fanatical spirits (e.g., Miinzer; cf. Werke, Erlangen ed., xxxi. 329). Johann Gerhard (Loci, xxi., chap, vii.) vindicated their use, though not rejecting the use of other bread. On the other hand, the Reformed Church vehemently combated the employment of wafers, although Calvin and Butzer had undertaken
no alterations in this respect. Subsequently, however, the use of wafers was occasionally known in Reformed congregations. Georg Rietschel.
Bibliography: Bingham, Origines, XV. ii., §§ 5-6 (where the history is traced and the literature given); E. Martene, De antiquis ecclesice ritibus, i., chap, iii., art. 7, iv., book ii., chap, iv., §§ 5-6, 4 vols., Bassanio, 1788; J. A. Schmid, De oblatis eucharistiis, Helmstadt, 1733; J. C. W. Augusti, Denkwurdigkeiten, viii. 274 sqq., Leipsic, 1826; F. X. Kraus, Real-Encyklopadie der christlichen Alterthumer, 2 vols., Freiburg, 1886; KL, vi. 307-310.
HOTTINGER, het'ting-er, JOHANN HEINRICH:
Semitic scholar, professor in Zurich; b. at Zurich Mar. 10, 1620; d. there June 5, 1667. Provided with a public stipend, he studied Semitic languages and theology in Groningen under Gomarus, Heinrich Alting, and Pasor, and in Leyden under Jacob Alting and Golius. He became private tutor in the house of Golius, but in 1642 returned to Zurich, where he was appointed professor of church history and later also of Semitic languages. In 1655 he received a call to Heidelberg to restore churches and schools after the heavy afflictions of the Thirty Years' War, and to reestablish the theological faculty. His main activity was directed toward the revival of Hebrew and cognate languages. In 1656 he was elected rector of the university. In 1661 he returned to Zurich. He accepted a call to Leyden, but, with three of his children, was drowned in the river Limmat before he had arranged his affairs to leave Zurich. He published Exercitaliones Anti- Morinianw (Zurich, 1644), a defense of the Hebrew text of Scripture against the Oratorian Morinus, who had tried to disparage the Hebrew text in the interest of the Roman Catholics; Erotematum linguce sanctce (1647) , a small Hebrew grammar for the use of schools; Thesaurus philologicus seu clavis scriptures (1649), a sort of introduction to the Old Testament; Historia ecclesiastica Novi Testamenti (9 vols., 1651-67); Historia orientalis (1651); Methodus legendi historias Helveticas (1654); Smegma orientate et promptuarium sive bibliotheca orientalis (1657 and 1658) ; Grammatica quatuor linguarum Hebraicce, Chaldaicoe, Syriacce, et Arabicas harmonica (1658); Etymologicum orientate sive lexicon harmonicum heptaglotton (Frankfort, 1661); Archceologia orierirtalis (Heidelberg, 1662); Bibliothecarius sive tractatus de officio bibliothecarii (Zurich, 1664).
(Emil Egli.)
Bibliography: The chief source of knowledge is J. H. Heidegger, Historia de vita et obitu Johann Heinrich Hottinger, Zurich, 1667. Consult: H. Steiner, Der Zurcher Professor J. H. Hottinger in Heidelberg 1655-61, ib. 1886.
HOTTINGER, JOHANN JAKOB : 1. Professor in Zurich, son of Johann Heinrich Hottinger (q.v.); b. at Zurich Dec. 1, 1652; d. there Dec. 18, 1735. He was a pupil of the three fathers of the Helvetic Consensus, Heidegger in Zurich, Gernler in Basel, and Turretin in Geneva. In 1680 he became pastor at Stallikon, in the canton of Zurich, 1686 assistant preacher of the cathedral in Zurich, and in 1698 professor of theology. Some of his historical works are still of value, such as his books on the Pietistic movement in Zurich from 1689 to 1717 and on the history of the Formula Consensus (Latin and German, 1723). His principal work is Helvetische Kirchengeschichte (4 vols., Zurich, 1698-1729).
Hoiibigant Hovey